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Lockups Revisited

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  • Brau, James C.
  • Lambson, Val E.
  • McQueen, Grant

Abstract

Lockups are agreements made by insiders of stock-issuing firms to abstain from selling shares for a specified period of time after the issue. Brav and Gompers (2003) suggest that lockups are a bonding solution to a moral hazard problem and not a signaling solution to an adverse selection problem. We challenge this conclusion theoretically and empirically. In our model, insiders of good firms signal by putting and keeping (locking up) their money where their mouths are. Our model yields two comparative statics: lockups should be shorter when a firm is i) more transparent and/or ii) more risky. Using a sample of 4,013 initial public offerings and 3,279 seasoned equity offerings between 1988 and 1999, we find empirical support for our theoretical predictions.

Suggested Citation

  • Brau, James C. & Lambson, Val E. & McQueen, Grant, 2005. "Lockups Revisited," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 40(3), pages 519-530, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:cup:jfinqa:v:40:y:2005:i:03:p:519-530_00
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    Cited by:

    1. Hakim, Tatiana & Lypny, Gregory & Bhabra, Harjeet S., 2012. "IPO lockup expiration in the Middle East and North Africa," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 22(5), pages 252-262.
    2. Dae-il Nam & Haemin Dennis Park & Jonathan D. Arthurs, 2014. "Looking Attractive until You Sell: Earnings Management, Lockup Expiration, and Venture Capitalists," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 51(8), pages 1286-1310, December.
    3. Alavi, Arash & Pham, Peter Kien & Pham, Toan My, 2008. "Pre-IPO ownership structure and its impact on the IPO process," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 32(11), pages 2361-2375, November.
    4. Don M. Autore & Irena Hutton & Tunde Kovacs, 2011. "Accelerated Equity Offers and Firm Quality," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 17(5), pages 835-859, November.
    5. Brau, James C. & Rodríguez, Javier, 2009. "An empirical analysis of Mexican and US closed-end mutual fund IPOs," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 23(1), pages 1-17, January.
    6. Kryzanowski, Lawrence & Lazrak, Skander & Rakita, Ian, 2010. "Behavior of liquidity and returns around Canadian seasoned equity offerings," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 34(12), pages 2954-2967, December.
    7. Yan Zeng & Josie McLaren, 2015. "The impact of large public sales of Government assets: empirical evidence from the Chinese stock markets on a gradual and offer-to-get approach," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 45(1), pages 137-173, July.
    8. Gao, Shenghao & Liu, Jinzhao & Chan, Kam C., 2017. "Does the removal of the IPO lockup matter in IPO pricing?," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 23(C), pages 246-252.
    9. Yung, Chris & Zender, Jaime F., 2010. "Moral hazard, asymmetric information and IPO lockups," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 16(3), pages 320-332, June.
    10. Haman, Janto & Chalmers, Keryn & Fang, Victor, 2017. "IPO lockups, long run returns, and growth opportunities," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 184-199.
    11. Karpoff, Jonathan M. & Lee, Gemma & Masulis, Ronald W., 2013. "Contracting under asymmetric information: Evidence from lockup agreements in seasoned equity offerings," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 110(3), pages 607-626.
    12. Mohd Rashid, Rasidah & Abdul-Rahim, Ruzita & Yong, Othman, 2014. "The influence of lock-up provisions on IPO initial returns: Evidence from an emerging market," Economic Systems, Elsevier, vol. 38(4), pages 487-501.
    13. Goergen, Marc & Renneboog, Luc & Khurshed, Arif, 2006. "Explaining the diversity in shareholder lockup agreements," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 15(2), pages 254-280, April.
    14. Hoque, Hafiz, 2014. "Role of asymmetric information and moral hazard on IPO underpricing and lockup," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 81-105.
    15. Huang, Chia-Wei & Ho, Po-Hsin & Lin, Chih-Yung & Yen, Ju-Fang, 2014. "Firm age, idiosyncratic risk, and long-run SEO underperformance," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 34(C), pages 246-266.
    16. Norliza Che-Yahya & Ruzita Abdul-Rahim, 2015. "Role of Lockup Provision and Institutional Investors in Restricting IPO Flipping Activity: Is There A Moderating Effect of Investor Demand?," Asian Academy of Management Journal of Accounting and Finance (AAMJAF), Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia, vol. 11(2), pages 1-28.
    17. Wasim Ahmad & Ranko Jelic, 2014. "Lockup Agreements and Survival of UK IPOs," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 41(5-6), pages 717-742, June.
    18. Jiang, Kun & Wang, Susheng, 2012. "Staged privatization: A market process with multistage lockups," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 23(4), pages 1051-1070.
    19. Krishnamurti, Chandrasekhar & Thong, Tiong Yang, 2008. "Lockup expiration, insider selling and bid-ask spreads," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 17(2), pages 230-244.
    20. Cline, Brandon N. & Fu, Xudong & Tang, Tian, 2015. "Do investors value SEO lockup agreements?," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 68(2), pages 314-321.
    21. Beng Soon Chong & Zhenbin Liu, 2016. "CAR associated with SEO share lockups: Real or illusionary?," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 47(3), pages 513-541, October.
    22. Hsuan-Chi Chen & Robert Fok & Chiuling Lu, 2011. "An Analysis of Lockups in REIT IPOs," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 43(3), pages 359-384, October.

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