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Impacts of the COVID‐19 outbreak on older‐age cohorts in European Labor Markets: A machine learning exploration of vulnerable groups

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  • Mehmet Güney Celbiş
  • Pui‐hang Wong
  • Karima Kourtit
  • Peter Nijkamp

Abstract

We identify vulnerable groups through the examination of their employment status in the face of the initial coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) shock through the application of tree‐based ensemble machine learning algorithms on a sample of individuals over 50 years old. The present study elaborates on the findings through various interpretable machine learning techniques, namely Shapley values, individual conditional expectations, partial dependences, and variable importance scores. The structure of the data obtained from the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) dataset enables us to specifically observe the before versus the after effects of the pandemic shock on individual job status in spatial labor markets. We identify small but distinct subgroups that may require particular policy interventions. We find that the persons in these groups are prone to pandemic‐related job loss owing to different sets of individual‐level factors such as employment type and sector, age, education, and prepandemic health status in addition to location‐specific factors such as drops in mobility and stringency policies affecting particular regions or countries. Este estudio identificó grupos vulnerables mediante el examen de su situación laboral ante la conmoción inicial de la enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID‐19) mediante la aplicación de algoritmos de aprendizaje automático por conjuntos basados en árboles de toma de decisiones sobre una muestra de individuos mayores de 50 años. El presente estudio profundiza en los resultados a través de varias técnicas interpretables de aprendizaje automático, como los valores de Shapley, las expectativas condicionales individuales, las dependencias parciales y las puntuaciones de importancia de las variables. La estructura de los datos obtenidos del conjunto de datos de la Encuesta de Salud, Envejecimiento y Jubilación en Europa (SHARE, por sus siglas en inglés) nos permite observar específicamente los efectos del antes y el después de la conmoción de la pandemia en la situación laboral individual en los mercados laborales espaciales. Se identificaron subgrupos pequeños pero distintos que pueden requerir intervenciones políticas específicas. Se encontró que las personas de estos grupos son propensas a la pérdida de empleo relacionada con la pandemia debido a diferentes conjuntos de factores a nivel individual, como el tipo de empleo y el sector, la edad, la educación y el estado de salud previo a la pandemia, además de factores específicos de la ubicación, como las caídas en la movilidad y las políticas de rigor que afectan a determinadas regiones o países. 我々は、新型コロナウイルス感染症 (COVID‐19)の最初のショックに直面した時の雇用状況を、50歳以上の個人データサンプルをツリーベースのアンサンブル法による機械学習アルゴリズムに適用して調査し、脆弱な集団を特定する。本研究では、様々な解釈が可能な機械学習技術によって得られた知見、すなわちシャープレイ値、個別条件付き期待値、部分従属、および変数重要度スコアについて詳述する。ヨーロッパの健康と老化に関する調査 (Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe:SHARE)のデータセットから得られたデータの構造から、空間的労働市場における個人の雇用状況に対するパンデミックショック影響の前と後を明確に観察することができる。我々は、特定の政策介入を必要とする可能性がある、規模は小さいが歴然たるサブ集団を特定した。この集団の人々は、特定の地域または国に影響を及ぼす、移動性の急激な低下や厳格化政策などの場所特異的因子に加えて、雇用形態や業種、年齢、学歴、パンデミック前の健康状態などの様々な個人レベルの因子のために、パンデミックにより失業しやすい傾向があることが分かった。

Suggested Citation

  • Mehmet Güney Celbiş & Pui‐hang Wong & Karima Kourtit & Peter Nijkamp, 2023. "Impacts of the COVID‐19 outbreak on older‐age cohorts in European Labor Markets: A machine learning exploration of vulnerable groups," Regional Science Policy & Practice, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 15(3), pages 559-584, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:rgscpp:v:15:y:2023:i:3:p:559-584
    DOI: 10.1111/rsp3.12520
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    References listed on IDEAS

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