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Understanding the experiences of Indigenous minorities through the lens of spatial justice: The case of Orang Asli in Peninsular Malaysia

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  • Masni Mat Dong
  • Peter Midmore
  • Maria Plotnikova

Abstract

Like many Indigenous people around the world, the original inhabitants of Peninsular Malaysia, the Orang Asli, live predominantly in marginal, remote areas, and have below‐average levels of education, health and living standards. Their customary reliance on natural forest resources and assets to support their livelihood is threatened by modernization and conversion of land for commercial crops. The main challenge facing the Orang Asli communities has been maintaining this livelihood against encroaching land conversion projects. The weakness of land rights, remoteness and limited access to public services and economic opportunities appear to be major contributors to deprivation. The perspective of spatial justice provides an important conceptual tool to explore spatial and territorial problems facing the Orang Asli. The objective of our study is to document and analyse the life experiences of the Orang Asli, interpreting it through the lens of spatial justice to inform policymaking. A participatory approach using focus groups and participant observation reveals the lived experience of Orang Asli in two villages in Pahang State of Malaysia. The findings of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) reveal the multiple dimensions of deprivation of Orang Asli: income, education, health, nutrition and housing, among others, and underscore the importance the Orang Asli place on education for their individual and community future. The results provide useful insights for policymakers aiming to improve the welfare of Indigenous peoples consistent with preserving their identities and way of life. Al igual que muchos pueblos indígenas de todo el mundo, los habitantes originales de Malasia peninsular, los orang asli, viven predominantemente en zonas marginales y remotas, y tienen niveles de educación, salud y condiciones de vida inferiores a la media. La modernización y la conversión de tierras para cultivos comerciales amenazan su dependencia tradicional de los recursos forestales naturales y de los bienes para sus medios de vida. El principal reto al que se enfrentan las comunidades orang asli es el de mantener estos medios de vida frente a los proyectos de conversión de tierras. La debilidad de los derechos sobre la tierra, la lejanía y el acceso limitado a los servicios públicos y a las oportunidades económicas parecen ser los principales factores de precariedad. La perspectiva de la justicia espacial proporciona una importante herramienta conceptual para explorar los problemas espaciales y territoriales a los que se enfrentan los orang asli. El objetivo de este estudio fue documentar y analizar las experiencias vitales de los orang asli, interpretándolas a través de la lente de la justicia espacial para informar la formulación de políticas. Un enfoque participativo con grupos focales y la observación de los participantes reveló la experiencia vivida por los orang asli en dos aldeas del estado de Pahang (Malasia). Los resultados del Análisis Fenomenológico Interpretativo (AFI) revelan las múltiples dimensiones de la precariedad de los orang asli: ingresos, educación, salud, nutrición y vivienda, entre otras, y subrayan la importancia que los orang asli dan a la educación para su futuro individual y comunitario. Los resultados aportan perspectivas útiles para los responsables políticos que pretenden mejorar el bienestar de los pueblos indígenas en consonancia con la preservación de su identidad y su modo de vida. 世界中の多くの先住民族と同様に、マレーシア半島の原住民であるオラン・アスリは、その大部分が辺境の僻地で生活し、教育・健康・生活の水準は平均以下である。彼らの生活を支えている自然林から得られる資源への慣習的な依存は、近代化と土地の商品作物への転換によって脅威にさらされている。オラン・アスリのコミュニティが直面している主な課題は、土地転換プロジェクトに侵害されることなく今の生活を維持することである。土地に対する権利の弱さ、辺境地であること、公共サービスや経済的機会へのアクセスが少ないことが、剥奪の主な要因であると考えられる。空間的正義という考え方から、オラン・アスリが直面している空間的・領土的問題を検討するための重要な概念ツールが得られる。本稿の目的は、オラン・アスリの人生経験を記録・分析し、空間的正義という視点で解釈し、政策立案に反映させることである。フォーカスグループと参与観察を用いた参加型アプローチにより、マレーシアのパハン州の2つの村におけるオラン・アスリの人生経験を明らかにした。解釈的現象学的分析から得た知見から、オラン・アスリが被る剥奪の複数の側面、すなわち、収入、教育、健康、栄養、住宅が明らかされ、さらに、オラン・アスリが、彼らの個人とコミュニティの将来のために教育を重視していることが強調される。この結果は、先住民族のアイデンティティと生活様式を維持しつつ、先住民族の福祉の向上を目指す政策立案者に有益な洞察を提供するものである。

Suggested Citation

  • Masni Mat Dong & Peter Midmore & Maria Plotnikova, 2022. "Understanding the experiences of Indigenous minorities through the lens of spatial justice: The case of Orang Asli in Peninsular Malaysia," Regional Science Policy & Practice, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 14(5), pages 1223-1239, October.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:rgscpp:v:14:y:2022:i:5:p:1223-1239
    DOI: 10.1111/rsp3.12512
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    References listed on IDEAS

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