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Neue Wege für die EU-Türkei-Wirtschaftsbeziehungen – Zollunion im Wandel?

Author

Listed:
  • Meryem Gökten
  • Richard Grieveson
  • Oliver Reiter

Abstract

Dieser Bericht analysiert die wirtschaftlichen Entwicklungen der EU-Türkei-Zollunion und deren geopolitische Implikationen. Während das Handelsvolumen seit 1996 gestiegen ist, haben die EU und Österreich als Handelspartner an relativer Bedeutung verloren, insbesondere zugunsten Russlands und Chinas. Auch innerhalb Europas zeigen sich Verschiebungen: Der Handel verlagert sich zunehmend zugunsten osteuropäischer Mitgliedstaaten, während die Beziehungen zu traditionellen westeuropäischen Partnern, insbesondere den großen Volkswirtschaften, tendenziell rückläufig sind. Spanien bildet eine Ausnahme, wo sich das Handelsvolumen aufgrund enger politischer und wirtschaftlicher Beziehungen deutlich erhöhte. Zwar hat die Zollunion den Handel insgesamt deutlich gefördert, doch ihr enger Umfang sowie insbesondere bestehende nichttarifäre Handelshemmnisse schränken das Exportpotenzial für die Mehrheit der EU-Mitgliedstaaten weiterhin ein. Neue US-Zölle und der eskalierende transatlantische Handelskonflikt erschweren zusätzlich die bilateralen Handelsbeziehungen zwischen der EU und der Türkei. Gleichzeitig öffnen sie jedoch Spielräume für eine Modernisierung. Aber die Zollunion bleibt politisch umstritten: Im Laufe der Jahre haben politische Differenzen, innenpolitische Turbulenzen in der Türkei sowie der daraus resultierende stagnierende EU-Beitrittsprozess das bilaterale Verhältnis zunehmend belastet. Trotz ihrer wachsenden geopolitischen Bedeutung gilt die Türkei weiterhin als instabile Partnerin: Die Verhaftung des Istanbuler Bürgermeisters Ekrem İmamoğlu und die Repressionen gegen die größte Oppositionspartei CHP haben das Vertrauen europäischer Partner weiter geschwächt, mit negativen Folgen nicht nur für die politischen Beziehungen, sondern auch für das Vertrauen von Investor:innen. In vier Szenarien untersuchen wir die Auswirkungen möglicher Handelsentwicklungen auf Wohlfahrt und Handelsströme, insbesondere für die EU und die Türkei. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine tiefgreifende Modernisierung der Zollunion das Handelsvolumen zwischen der Türkei und der EU deutlich erhöhen und spürbare Wohlfahrtsgewinne für die Türkei erzielen, die negativen Effekte eines Handelskonflikts mit den USA für die EU aber nur sehr gering abmildern könnte.

Suggested Citation

  • Meryem Gökten & Richard Grieveson & Oliver Reiter, 2025. "Neue Wege für die EU-Türkei-Wirtschaftsbeziehungen – Zollunion im Wandel?," FIW Research Reports series 05, FIW.
  • Handle: RePEc:wsr:ecbook:y:2025:m:11:i:05
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Mario Larch & Yoto V. Yotov, 2016. "General Equilibrium Trade Policy Analysis with Structural Gravity," CESifo Working Paper Series 6020, CESifo.
    2. Javier Flórez Mendoza & Oliver Reiter & Robert Stehrer, 2024. "EU carbon border tax: General equilibrium effects on income and emissions," wiiw Working Papers 254, The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw.
    3. Julia Grübler & Oliver Reiter, 2021. "Non-Tariff Trade Policy in the Context of Deep Trade Integration: An Ex-Post Gravity Model Application to the EU-South Korea Agreement," East Asian Economic Review, Korea Institute for International Economic Policy, vol. 25(1), pages 33-71.
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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • F14 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Empirical Studies of Trade
    • F13 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Trade Policy; International Trade Organizations
    • F50 - International Economics - - International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy - - - General

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