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Socioeconomic, Educational, and Policy Determinants of CO₂ Emissions in Europe: A Comprehensive Review

Author

Listed:
  • Holloway, Jasper
  • Blythe, Leander
  • Wiśniewski, Jakub
  • Nguyễn, Thảo

Abstract

Environmental sustainability in Europe is influenced by a complex interplay of socioeconomic development, education, and public policy interventions. This literature review examines how income levels, urbanization, industrial activity, and educational attainment affect CO₂ emissions, with a focus on the role of primary and secondary education in shaping environmental behaviors. Evidence indicates that well-designed policy measures—including emissions regulations, renewable energy incentives, urban planning reforms, and environmental education programs—can mitigate environmental pressures, particularly when integrated with socioeconomic and educational factors. The review also identifies gaps in long-term policy evaluation, the interaction of multiple determinants, and disparities across regions and populations. Findings provide insights for policymakers and researchers seeking to develop integrated strategies that reduce CO₂ emissions, promote sustainable development, and ensure equitable environmental outcomes across European countries.

Suggested Citation

  • Holloway, Jasper & Blythe, Leander & Wiśniewski, Jakub & Nguyễn, Thảo, 2025. "Socioeconomic, Educational, and Policy Determinants of CO₂ Emissions in Europe: A Comprehensive Review," MPRA Paper 126186, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    • Handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:126186
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    JEL classification:

    • I0 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - General
    • I1 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health
    • I10 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - General

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