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Fiscal Policy in India: Past Reforms and Future Challenges

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  • Richard Herd

    (OECD)

  • Willi Leibfritz

    (OECD)

Abstract

This paper examines varies areas of India´s fiscal policy, in particular fiscal discipline, the structure of government spending, the tax system and fiscal federalism. It describes reforms over the past decades which, as part of the overall economic reform agenda, helped lifting the Indian economy to a higher growth path. It also discusses where further reforms are desirable to further reduce economic distortions and improve the provision of public services. It finds that after high fiscal deficits have often been recorded during the past two decades, after the adoption of the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act in 2003, fiscal discipline has significantly improved. As to government spending, it argues that, given the large share which is used to subsidise commercial undertakings, agriculture and food distribution, there is much room to improve the quality of spending and to target it better to improving infrastructure and reducing poverty. It describes the tax system which has undergone major reforms since the early 1990s. Nonetheless, there are still many exemptions and loopholes which suggest that a broadening of the tax bases would allow further reductions in tax rates and make the system simpler, fairer and more efficient. The paper also suggests that reforms of indirect taxes should focus on creating a common market within India so that goods can move between states without border controls. Finally, on fiscal federalism it finds that India's federal structure has led to a well-developed system of tax-sharing and transfers, both through constitutionally empowered bodies and delivered through the annual budget. While overall, India´s fiscal federalism has worked well moving resources towards the poorest states, it has become very complex and there are still some features which weaken fiscal discipline of the states. Furthermore, a major drawback is the lack of an effective local government system, most notably in rural areas and strengthening the local level would be important for improving accountability and responsiveness to citizens’ needs as three-quarters of the population live in states with over 50 million inhabitants. La politique budgétaire en Inde : réformes passées et challenges pour l'avenir Nous examinons dans ce document différents aspects de la politique budgétaire indienne, notamment la discipline budgétaire, la structure des dépenses publiques, le système fiscal et le fédéralisme budgétaire. Nous décrivons les réformes mises en oeuvre au cours des dernières décennies, qui, dans le cadre du programme global de réformes économiques, ont contribué à rehausser la trajectoire de croissance de l'économie indienne. Nous nous demandons également si de nouvelles réformes sont souhaitables pour réduire encore certaines distorsions économiques, et améliorer la prestation des services publics. Nous parvenons à la conclusion qu'après deux décennies fréquemment marquées par de volumineux déficits budgétaires, la discipline budgétaire s'est sensiblement améliorée à la suite de l'adoption de la Loi de responsabilité et de gestion budgétaires de 2003. S'agissant des dépenses publiques, nous estimons que, dans la mesure où une grande partie des fonds est utilisée pour subventionner des entreprises commerciales, l'agriculture et la distribution de produits alimentaires, les autorités disposent de marges de manoeuvre considérables pour améliorer la qualité des dépenses et mieux les cibler, en vue d'améliorer les infrastructures et de faire reculer la pauvreté. Nous décrivons également le système fiscal, qui a fait l'objet de réformes de fond depuis le début des années 90. Il n'en demeure pas moins caractérisé par un grand nombre d'exonérations et de lacunes, ce qui laisse à penser qu'un élargissement de l'assiette des impôts permettrait de réduire davantage leur taux, tout en rendant le système fiscal plus simple, plus équitable et plus efficient. Nous estimons par ailleurs que les réformes des impôts indirects devraient être axées sur la création d'un marché commun en Inde, de manière que les biens puissent circuler entre les États de l'Union sans contrôle à leurs frontières. Enfin, s'agissant du fédéralisme budgétaire, nous parvenons à la conclusion que la structure fédérale de l'Inde a débouché sur un système étoffé de partage des recettes fiscales et de transferts, reposant sur des organismes constitutionnels ou s'inscrivant dans le cadre du budget annuel. Globalement, le fédéralisme budgétaire indien a bien fonctionné et permis de redistribuer des ressources aux États les plus démunis, mais il est devenu très complexe et présente encore des caractéristiques qui nuisent à la discipline budgétaire des États. En outre, un de ses inconvénients majeurs réside dans l'absence de système d'administration locale efficace, en particulier dans les zones rurales. À cet égard, il serait important de renforcer le niveau local d'administration pour responsabiliser davantage les autorités et les rendre plus attentives aux besoins des citoyens, dans la mesure où trois quarts de la population vivent dans des États de plus de 50 millions d'habitants.

Suggested Citation

  • Richard Herd & Willi Leibfritz, 2008. "Fiscal Policy in India: Past Reforms and Future Challenges," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 595, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:595-en
    DOI: 10.1787/244241786035
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    Cited by:

    1. Martin Rama & Tara Béteille & Yue Li & Pradeep K. Mitra & John Lincoln Newman, 2015. "Addressing Inequality in South Asia," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 20395, December.
    2. Bhatt, Antra & Scaramozzino, Pasquale, 2013. "Federal Transfers and Fiscal Discipline in India: An Empirical Evaluation," ADB Economics Working Paper Series 343, Asian Development Bank.
    3. Supriyo De, 2012. "Fiscal Policy in India: Trends and Trajectory," Working Papers id:4751, eSocialSciences.
    4. Kennedy, Loraine & Robin, Kim & Zamuner, Diego, 2013. "Comparing State-level policy responses to economic reforms in India," Revue de la Régulation - Capitalisme, institutions, pouvoirs, Association Recherche et Régulation, vol. 13.
    5. Antra Bhatt & Pasquale Scaramozzino, 2015. "Federal Transfers and Fiscal Discipline in India," Public Finance Review, , vol. 43(1), pages 53-81, January.
    6. Deven Bansod & Geetilaxmi Mohapatra & A. K. Giri, 2017. "Fiscal Policy, Economic Growth and Income Inequality: A Case of Indian Economy," Romanian Economic Journal, Department of International Business and Economics from the Academy of Economic Studies Bucharest, vol. 20(63), pages 72-88, March.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    dépenses publiques; fiscal federalism; fiscal policy; fiscalité; fédéralisme budgétaire; government spending; Inde; India; politique budgétaire; taxation;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • H1 - Public Economics - - Structure and Scope of Government
    • H2 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
    • H5 - Public Economics - - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies
    • H6 - Public Economics - - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt
    • H7 - Public Economics - - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations

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