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Elite Capture, Meritocracy and Social Stability: Evidence from the Chinese Imperial Examinations

Author

Listed:
  • Jingjing Chen
  • Jianlei Han
  • Shing-Yi Wang
  • Yongxiang Wang

Abstract

This paper examines reforms in China’s imperial examination system during the Northern Song dynasty that anonymized exam submissions and ended local officials’ discretion to recommend candidates. Using prefecture-level data from 960–1127 and a difference-in-differences design, we compare areas with and without prominent elite families, where corruption and elite capture were more likely. The reforms increased the share of successful candidates from commoner backgrounds and narrowed their performance gaps with elites in scholarship and political achievement, indicating better selection of commoner talent. Treated prefectures also saw less social unrest. Overall, the reforms strengthened meritocracy, broadened political access, and promoted stability.

Suggested Citation

  • Jingjing Chen & Jianlei Han & Shing-Yi Wang & Yongxiang Wang, 2026. "Elite Capture, Meritocracy and Social Stability: Evidence from the Chinese Imperial Examinations," NBER Working Papers 35531, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    • Handle: RePEc:nbr:nberwo:35531
    Note: DEV LS POL
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    JEL classification:

    • D73 - Microeconomics - - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making - - - Bureaucracy; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations; Corruption
    • J45 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Particular Labor Markets - - - Public Sector Labor Markets
    • N45 - Economic History - - Government, War, Law, International Relations, and Regulation - - - Asia including Middle East
    • O15 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Economic Development: Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration

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