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Context and the Perception of Harm: Evidence from Online and In-Person Sexual Harassment

Author

Listed:
  • Foresta, Alessandra

    (University of Southampton)

  • Tonei, Valentina

    (University of Southampton)

  • Vecchi, Martina

    (University of Southampton)

Abstract

We provide causal evidence that the context in which harmful conduct occurs shapes how it is evaluated. We study this using a vignette-based survey experiment that holds behaviour constant while randomising whether an incident of sexual harassment occurs online or in person. Online settings generate a systematic discount in perceived seriousness (7% of the mean), with larger effects on willingness to report (13% of the mean) and preferred sanctions. The discount is concentrated in image-based harassment and larger among male respondents. In addition, it is not moderated by either direct or vicarious experience of harassment, suggesting that it may reflect normative perceptions of online harm as less serious rather than lack of exposure alone. These context-dependent distortions have implications for the enforcement of emerging legal protections, victim support, and the design of public communication around digital abuse.

Suggested Citation

  • Foresta, Alessandra & Tonei, Valentina & Vecchi, Martina, 2026. "Context and the Perception of Harm: Evidence from Online and In-Person Sexual Harassment," IZA Discussion Papers 18715, IZA Network @ LISER.
    • Handle: RePEc:iza:izadps:dp18715
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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • D83 - Microeconomics - - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty - - - Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge; Communication; Belief; Unawareness
    • J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
    • C93 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Design of Experiments - - - Field Experiments
    • K42 - Law and Economics - - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior - - - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law
    • D91 - Microeconomics - - Micro-Based Behavioral Economics - - - Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making

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