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Direct and Spillover Effects of an Agricultural Technology Adoption Program: Evidence from Bolivia

Author

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  • Salazar, Lina
  • Bernal Hernandez, Sebastian
  • Miranda Baez, Luis Enrique

Abstract

This study employs an experimental approach to estimate both the direct and indirect effects (i.e. spillovers) of an agricultural technology adoption program on small landholder farmers in Bolivia. Specifically, the evaluation focuses on the second phase of the "Creación de Iniciativas Agroalimentarias Rurales" (CRIAR) program, which aimed to increase agricultural productivity, income, and food security among smallholder farmers through technology adoption. Implementing a two-stage randomized experiment, the study uses instrumental variable (IV) analysis to measure the local average treatment effect (LATE) of the program. The survey sample includes 1,684 farmers, consisting of direct beneficiaries, contaminated control households, and pure control households. Findings reveal statistically significant direct effects on household income, total production value, sales, technology adoption, and crop diversification. The results also suggest that most of the direct effects intensify over time. Furthermore, the analysis confirms the presence of spillover effects, supporting the hypothesis that farmers residing near program beneficiaries receive indirect benefits.

Suggested Citation

  • Salazar, Lina & Bernal Hernandez, Sebastian & Miranda Baez, Luis Enrique, 2025. "Direct and Spillover Effects of an Agricultural Technology Adoption Program: Evidence from Bolivia," IDB Publications (Working Papers) 14133, Inter-American Development Bank.
    • Handle: RePEc:idb:brikps:14133
    DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0013560
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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • O13 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Agriculture; Natural Resources; Environment; Other Primary Products
    • O33 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights - - - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes
    • Q12 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Agriculture - - - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets
    • Q16 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Agriculture - - - R&D; Agricultural Technology; Biofuels; Agricultural Extension Services
    • Q18 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Agriculture - - - Agricultural Policy; Food Policy; Animal Welfare Policy

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