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Bank Capital Shocks and Portfolio Risk: Evidence from Japan

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  • Iwatsubo, Kentaro
  • 岩壷, 健太郎
  • イワツボ, ケンタロウ

Abstract

Despite the downward trend of land prices and the ex-post low return on real estate loans, Japanese banks increased their lending to the real estate sector during the 1990s. We argue that this phenomenon can be explained by the risk-shifting incentives of banks and discover that banks with low capital-to-asset ratios and low franchise value chose high-risk assets such as real estate loans. Unlike previous studies, we show that the capital-risk relationship is nonlinear and changes from positive to negative as franchise value falls. We also find that a capital adequacy requirement did not prevent risk-taking behavior of undercapitalized banks since they then just issued more subordinated debts to meet this requirement. In contrast, government capital injections led banks to reduce risky loans at the margin. Recapitalization by issuing subordinated debts helped banks recover their capital losses and mitigated the credit crunch, but consequently allowed them to increase their exposure to the real estate sector and worsened the bad loan problems.

Suggested Citation

  • Iwatsubo, Kentaro & 岩壷, 健太郎 & イワツボ, ケンタロウ, 2005. "Bank Capital Shocks and Portfolio Risk: Evidence from Japan," CEI Working Paper Series 2004-24, Center for Economic Institutions, Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University.
    • Handle: RePEc:hit:hitcei:2004-24
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    1. repec:mbr:jmonec:v:8:y:2013:i:1:p:141-167 is not listed on IDEAS
    2. Tongurai, Jittima & Vithessonthi, Chaiporn, 2020. "Bank regulations, bank competition and bank risk-taking: Evidence from Japan," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 56(C).
    3. Imai, Masami, 2019. "Regulatory responses to banking crisis: Lessons from Japan," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 39(C), pages 10-16.
    4. Kenshi Taketa & Gregory F. Udell, 2007. "Lending Channels and Financial Shocks: The Case of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise Trade Credit and the Japanese Banking Crisis," Monetary and Economic Studies, Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies, Bank of Japan, vol. 25(2), pages 1-44, November.
    5. Zheng, Changjun & Moudud-Ul-Huq, Syed & Rahman, Mohammad Morshedur & Ashraf, Badar Nadeem, 2017. "Does the ownership structure matter for banks’ capital regulation and risk-taking behavior? Empirical evidence from a developing country," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 404-421.
    6. Rubi Ahmad & Mohamed Albaity, 2019. "The Determinants of Bank Capital for East Asian Countries," Global Business Review, International Management Institute, vol. 20(6), pages 1311-1323, December.
    7. Oliver Arentz & Johann Eekhoff & Christine Arentz, 2010. "Zur Finanzmarktkrise: Die Rolle der Immobilienbewertung," IWP Discussion Paper Series 01/2010, Institute for Economic Policy, Cologne, Germany.
    8. Baolei Qi & Mohamed Marie & Ahmed S. Abdelwahed & Ibrahim N. Khatatbeh & Mohamed Omran & Abdallah A. S. Fayad, 2023. "Bank Risk Literature (1978–2022): A Bibliometric Analysis and Research Front Mapping," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-27, March.
    9. Montgomery, Heather & Takahashi, Yuki, 2014. "The economic consequences of the TARP: The effectiveness of bank recapitalization policies in the U.S," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 32(C), pages 49-64.
    10. Changjun Zheng & Anupam Das Gupta & Syed Moudud-Ul-Huq, 2018. "Effect of Human Capital Efficiency on Bank Risk-Taking Behavior and Capital Regulation: Empirical Evidence from a Developing Country," Asian Economic and Financial Review, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 8(2), pages 231-247, February.
    11. Rahman, Mohammed Mizanur & Zheng, Changjun & Ashraf, Badar Nadeem & Rahman, Mohammad Morshedur, 2018. "Capital requirements, the cost of financial intermediation and bank risk-taking: Empirical evidence from Bangladesh," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 488-503.
    12. Changjun Zheng & Syed Moudud-Ul-Huq, 2017. "Banks’ capital regulation and risk: Does bank vary in size? Empirical evidence from Bangladesh," International Journal of Financial Engineering (IJFE), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 4(02n03), pages 1-27, June.

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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
    • C33 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables - - - Models with Panel Data; Spatio-temporal Models

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