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Une histoire du conseil d'administration

Author

Listed:
  • Hervé Joly

    (LARHRA TEES - Territoires, économie, enjeux sociétaux - LARHRA - LAboratoire de Recherche Historique Rhône-Alpes - UMR5190 - UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 - ENS de Lyon - École normale supérieure de Lyon - Université de Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - UJML - Université Jean Moulin - Lyon 3 - Université de Lyon - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)

Abstract

Le conseil d'administration des sociétés anonymes (SA), s'il suscite depuis une bonne vingtaine d'années un grand intérêt de la part des sciences de gestion dans le contexte d'un accent mis sur la gouvernance d'entreprise (corporate governance), reste méconnu dans la longue durée historique. Il n'y a guère eu que les juristes à s'y être intéressés depuis longtemps, mais sans véritable prise en compte des pratiques. Le développement de l'histoire universitaire d'entreprise depuis le début des années 1970 a fourni des analyses plus ou moins approfondies du recrutement et du fonctionnement de conseils d'administration, mais celles-ci restent pour la plupart limitées à une perspective monographique. Cette contribution repose sur une recherche menée, dans le cadre d'un mémoire d'habilitation, sur les dirigeants d'une vingtaine de grandes entreprises industrielles françaises entre 1914 et 1966. Le conseil d'administration n'ayant longtemps pas eu d'existence légale dans les SA françaises, la diversité des pratiques de gouvernance était très grande. Cette institution relevait de la liberté des associés de la société anonyme : c'étaient les statuts qui fixaient le nombre, les modalités de recrutement, l'organisation, les pouvoirs, le mode de rémunération, etc. de ses membres. Ce n'est que dans le contexte particulier du régime de Vichy que le conseil a obtenu sa reconnaissance légale par une loi promulguée autoritairement. Cette reconnaissance n'a pas véritablement remis en cause la diversité des pratiques, qui a plutôt été renforcée par l'introduction ultérieure de formules législatives alternatives, comme la structure dualiste du directoire-conseil de surveillance en 1966 ou la présidence non exécutive en 2001. La question de savoir qui pourrait être l'administrateur idéal n'a jamais été vraiment résolue. Le législateur, s'il est progressivement intervenu pour restreindre la liberté contractuelle des actionnaires, n'est jamais allé jusqu'à considérer que l'intérêt général imposerait une solution plutôt qu'une autre.

Suggested Citation

  • Hervé Joly, 2012. "Une histoire du conseil d'administration," Post-Print halshs-00785053, HAL.
    • Handle: RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-00785053
    Note: View the original document on HAL open archive server: https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00785053v1
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    References listed on IDEAS

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