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A front renversé. Bolsonaro versus AMLO dans la gestion de la Covid-19. Une approche d’économie politique comparée Brésil-Mexique

Author

Listed:
  • François Roubaud

    (DIAL-LEDa, IRD, Université Paris-Dauphine, PSL Université)

  • Mireille Razafindrakoto

    (DIAL-LEDa, IRD, Université Paris-Dauphine, PSL Université)

  • Pierre Salama

    (Université Sorbonne-Paris Nord)

  • Alexis Saludjian

    (Institut d’économie (IE) de l’UFRJ)

Abstract

Depuis son apparition en 2020, le Brésil et le Mexique ont été parmi les pays au monde les plus affectés par la Covid-19. Leurs présidents respectifs, Jair Bolsonaro et Manuel Andrés Lopez Obrador (dit AMLO), tous deux considérés comme populistes, ont joué un rôle de premier plan dans la conduite des politiques en temps de pandémie. Leurs choix ont été à la fois singuliers et contrintuitifs. Sur le front sanitaire, ils ont largement minoré la gravité de la situation, et pour le premier, défendu une attitude franchement négationniste, avec un bilan dramatique, sans que leur popularité en soit sérieusement affectée. Sur le front économique, ils ont choisi des politiques à contre-emploi, non seulement l’un de l’autre, mais aussi de leur propre orientation idéologique supposée. Bolsonaro, classé à l’extrême droite, a mis en place un programme de transfert d’urgence d’une ampleur comparable à ceux des pays développés et le plus massif que le pays n’ait jamais connu. A contrario, AMLO, considéré comme progressiste, s’est contenté d’assurer le service minimum, n’ajustant qu’à la marge son programme électoral antérieur. En adoptant une approche d’économie politique comparée, et en mobilisant une batterie de données diversifiées, l’objectif de cet article est d’explorer ces contradictions apparentes. Après avoir établi le diagnostic précis des politiques mises en œuvre pour faire face à la crise, ainsi que de la situation économique et sanitaire des deux pays sur la période 2020-2022, nous proposons une grille d’interprétation originale du rôle central joué par les deux présidents. Ces réflexions conduisent, entre autres, à réinterroger la notion de « populisme » comme clef d’entrée privilégiée par la littérature pour analyser la réaction des deux présidents pour affronter la pandémie. ________________________________________________________________________________________Since its appearance in 2020, Brazil and Mexico have been among the countries in the world most affected by Covid-19. Their respective presidents, Jair Bolsonaro and Manuel Andrés Lopez Obrador (known as AMLO), both considered populists, have played a leading role in driving policy in times of the pandemic. Their choices were both singular and counter-intuitive. On the health front, they largely underplayed the seriousness of the situation, and for the first defended a frankly negationist attitude, with a dramatic balance sheet, without their popularity being seriously affected. On the economic front, they have chosen policies that contradict not only each other, but also their own supposed ideological stances. Bolsonaro, ranked on the far right, has implemented an emergency transfer program on a scale comparable to those of developed countries and the most massive the country has ever seen. Conversely, AMLO, considered progressist, provide only a minimum policy package, only marginally adjusting its previous electoral program. By adopting a comparative political economy approach, and by mobilizing a unique and diversified set of data, the objective of this paper is to explore these apparent contradictions. After having established the precise diagnosis of the policies implemented to deal with the crisis and of the economic and health situation in the two countries over the period 2020-2022, we propose an original interpretation grid of the central role played by the two presidents. These insights lead, among other things, to re-examine the notion of “populism” favoured in the literature to analyze the two presidents’ reactions to confront the pandemic.

Suggested Citation

  • François Roubaud & Mireille Razafindrakoto & Pierre Salama & Alexis Saludjian, 2022. "A front renversé. Bolsonaro versus AMLO dans la gestion de la Covid-19. Une approche d’économie politique comparée Brésil-Mexique," Working Papers DT/2022/08, DIAL (Développement, Institutions et Mondialisation).
  • Handle: RePEc:dia:wpaper:dt202208
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    AMLO; Bolsonaro; Brazil; Cash transfers; COVID-19; Emergency Package; Mexico; Negationism; Political economy; Populism; Brésil; Economie politique; Mexique; Négationnisme; Populisme; Transfert d’urgence;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • I18 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health
    • I38 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty - - - Government Programs; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs
    • O54 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economywide Country Studies - - - Latin America; Caribbean
    • P46 - Political Economy and Comparative Economic Systems - - Other Economic Systems - - - Consumer Economics; Health; Education and Training; Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty
    • P48 - Political Economy and Comparative Economic Systems - - Other Economic Systems - - - Legal Institutions; Property Rights; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Regional Studies

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