How Knowledge Crosses Borders: Evidence from Semiconductor Manufacturing

We show that cross-border learning is an important feature of modern semiconductor manufacturing and that several important channels - such as knowledge sharing along global supply chains, the movement of engineers within multinational firms, and foreign direct investment - operate through market mechanisms rather than anonymous technological spillovers. These findings have significant policy implications. When cross-border learning is mediated by purposeful economic relationships, access to frontier knowledge is neither automatic nor guaranteed. Firms and governments can facilitate - or restrict - the international diffusion of technology, implying that policies to foster domestic technological upgrading are likely to be most effective when coupled with continued access to global sources of frontier knowledge.