Author
Listed:
- Luis Armando Galvis-Aponte
- Adriana Marcela Rivera-Zárate
Abstract
El presente estudio analiza las brechas de género en la participación laboral en Colombia desde una perspectiva territorial y poblacional, empleando microdatos de la Encuesta Nacional de Uso del Tiempo y la metodología de descomposición Blinder-Oaxaca-Yun. El análisis compara las brechas entre hombres y mujeres en función de la región, el ámbito urbano/rural y la pertenencia étnica. Los resultados muestran que la mayor parte de la brecha no se explica por diferencias en las características observables de hombres y mujeres, sino por factores asociados con diferencias en coeficientes o retornos estimados, así como con elementos no observados por el modelo. Un hallazgo central es que el trabajo doméstico y de cuidado no remunerado aparece como una dimensión relevante de la distribución desigual del tiempo entre hombres y mujeres: al incorporar las horas de cuidado, una parte de la brecha previamente clasificada en el componente de coeficientes pasa a asociarse con dotaciones observables. Las desigualdades presentan una marcada heterogeneidad, con brechas menores en Bogotá y mayores en la región Caribe, las zonas rurales y algunos grupos étnicos. En conjunto, los resultados sugieren que las brechas de participación laboral femenina combinan restricciones observables en el uso del tiempo con factores estructurales, institucionales y territoriales que persisten aun después de incorporar el trabajo doméstico no remunerado. Esto resalta la importancia de reconocer y redistribuir el trabajo de cuidado, así como de diseñar políticas diferenciadas que atiendan las barreras que limitan la inserción laboral femenina en distintos contextos territoriales y poblacionales. *** ABSTRACT: This study examines gender gaps in labor force participation across territorial and population groups in Colombia. Utilizing microdata from the National Time Use Survey and the Blinder-Oaxaca-Yun decomposition methodology, the analysis compares disparities between men and women by region, urban/rural area, and ethnic affiliation. Results indicate that most of the gap is not explained by differences in observable characteristics but primarily stems from disparities in estimated returns (coefficients) and unobservable factors. A central finding reveals that unpaid domestic and care work is a critical dimension of the unequal distribution of time between genders; when care hours are incorporated, a significant portion of the gap previously attributed to differences in coefficients becomes associated with observable endowments. The study also highlights marked heterogeneity in these inequalities, with smaller gaps observed in Bogotá compared to larger disparities in the Caribbean region, rural areas, and among certain ethnic groups. Overall, these findings suggest that gaps in female labor force participation result from a combination of observable constraints in time use and persistent structural, institutional, and territorial factors, even after accounting for unpaid domestic and care work. This underscores the importance of recognizing and redistributing care work, as well as developing differentiated policies to address the barriers limiting women's labor market insertion across diverse territorial and population contexts.
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JEL classification:
- J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
- J22 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Time Allocation and Labor Supply
- D13 - Microeconomics - - Household Behavior - - - Household Production and Intrahouse Allocation
- R10 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - General Regional Economics - - - General
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