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Abstract
The medical device sector is a critical driver of Costa Rica's economic development, accounting for 37 percent of total exports as of 2022. This paper analyzes the main enablers and bottlenecks in upgrading along the medical device global value chain into higher value-added segments. The mixed-method approach we use includes documentary analysis, 15 interviews with key stakeholders, and descriptive statistics of different datasets. Results indicate five enablers for upgrading: (i) a strategic location and economic, political, and social stability, education, human talent, and a favorable investment climate allowed companies to establish in Costa Rica; (ii) a shift in the strategy of the investment attraction agency toward supply chain helped identify key suppliers; (iii) the development of specialized skills and talent needed by the industry helped manufacturing more complex devices; (iv) productive development programs helped linkages emerge between multinational enterprises of medical devices and domestic firms; and (v) the existence of specialized skills enabled companies to consider Costa Rica for research and product development processes. The sector also faces three main bottlenecks that hinder its ability to continue upgrading: (i) cultural barriers and informality that restrict backward linkages; (ii) persistent skills shortages, and more bilingual graduates in science, technology, engineering and mathematics are needed; and (iii) lack of incentives that limit the ability to deepen research and development. ***Resumen: El sector de dispositivos médicos es un motor fundamental para el desarrollo económico de Costa Rica, el cual representó el 37% del total de las exportaciones durante el 2022. Este documento analiza los principales facilitadores y obstáculos para la avanzar a lo largo de la cadena global de valor de dispositivos médicos hacia segmentos de mayor valor agregado. Utilizamos un método mixto que incluye análisis documental, 15 entrevistas con actores clave y estadísticas descriptivas de diferentes conjuntos de datos. Los resultados indican cinco facilitadores para la modernización: (i) una ubicación estratégica, estabilidad económica, política y social, educación, talento humano y un clima favorable para la inversión; (ii) un cambio en la estrategia de la agencia de atracción de inversiones hacia la cadena de suministro; (iii) el desarrollo de habilidades y talento especializados que la industria necesitaba; (iv) los programas de desarrollo productivo propiciaron el surgimiento de vínculos entre empresas multinacionales de dispositivos médicos y empresas nacionales; y (v) la existencia de habilidades especializadas. El sector también enfrenta tres obstáculos principales que dificultan su capacidad para aumentar el valor agregado doméstico: (i) las barreras culturales y la informalidad que restringen los vínculos hacia atrás; (ii) la persistente escasez de habilidades y la necesidad de más graduados bilingües en ciencia, tecnología, ingeniería y matemáticas; y (iii) la falta de incentivos que limitan la capacidad de profundizar la investigación y el desarrollo.
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JEL classification:
- F14 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Empirical Studies of Trade
- F23 - International Economics - - International Factor Movements and International Business - - - Multinational Firms; International Business
- O21 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Development Planning and Policy - - - Planning Models; Planning Policy
- O47 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity - - - Empirical Studies of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity; Cross-Country Output Convergence
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