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Responsible Sourcing? Theory and evidence from Costa Rica

Author

Listed:
  • Alonso Alfaro-Ureña

    (Department of Economic Research, Central Bank of Costa Rica)

  • Benjamin Faber

    (University of California, Berkely)

  • Cecile Gaubert

    (University of California, Berkely)

  • Isabela Manelici

    (London School of Economics)

  • José Pablo Vásquez-Carvajal

    (London School of Economics)

Abstract

Multinational enterprises (MNEs) increasingly impose “Responsible Sourcing” (RS) standards on their suppliers worldwide, including requirements on worker compensation, benefits and working conditions. Are these policies just “hot air” or do they impact exposed suppliers and their workers? What is the welfare incidence of RS in sourcing countries? To answer these questions, we develop a quantitative general equilibrium (GE) model of RS and combine it with a unique new database. In the theory, we show that the welfare implications of RS are ambiguous, depending on an interplay between what is akin to an export tax (+) and a labor market distortion (−). Empirically, we combine the near-universe of RS rollouts by MNE subsidiaries in Costa Rica since 2009 with firm-to-firm transactions and matched employeremployee microdata. We find that RS rollouts lead to significant reductions in firm sales and employment at exposed suppliers, an increase in their salaries to initially low-wage workers and a reduction in their low-wage employment share. We then use the estimated effects and the microdata to calibrate the model and quantify GE counterfactuals. We find that while MNE RS policies have led to significant gains among the roughly one third of low-wage workers employed at exposed suppliers ex ante, the majority of low-wage workers lose due to adverse indirect effects on their wages and the domestic price index.. ***Resumen: Cada vez es más común que empresas multinacionales (CMNs) imponganestándares de "Abastecimiento Responsable" (AR) a sus proveedores en todo el mundo, tales como requisitos sobre la retribución de los trabajadores, los beneficios y las condiciones laborales que le proporcionan a sus trabajadores. ¿Estas políticas son simplemente "palabras vacías" o tienen un impacto en los proveedores expuestos y sus trabajadores? ¿Cuál es la incidencia en el bienestar de AR en los países de abastecimiento? Para responder a estas preguntas, desarrollamos un modelo cuantitativo de equilibrio general de AR y lo combinamos con una base de datos única y reciente. En la teoría, mostramos que las implicaciones para el bienestar de AR son ambiguas, dependiendo de una interacción entre lo que es similar a un impuesto a la exportación (+) y una distorsión en el mercado laboral (-). Empíricamente, combinamos la casi totalidad de despliegue de códigos de AR por parte de filiales de CMNs en Costa Rica, del 2009 al 2019, con transacciones de empresa a empresa y con los microdatos de las empresas con sus respectivos empleados. Descubrimos que la implementación de AR conduce a reducciones significativas en las ventas de las empresas y en el empleo en los proveedores expuestos, un aumento en los salarios de los trabajadores inicialmente de bajos ingresos y una disminución en la proporción de empleo de bajos salarios. Luego, utilizamos los efectos estimados y los microdatos para calibrar el modelo y cuantificar contrafactuales de equilibrio general. Descubrimos que si bien las políticas de AR de las CMNs han generado ex ante ganancias significativas entre aproximadamente un tercio de los trabajadores de bajos salarios empleados en los proveedores expuestos, la mayoría de los trabajadores de bajos salarios pierden debido a efectos indirectos adversos en sus salarios y en el índice de precios domésticos.

Suggested Citation

  • Alonso Alfaro-Ureña & Benjamin Faber & Cecile Gaubert & Isabela Manelici & José Pablo Vásquez-Carvajal, 2023. "Responsible Sourcing? Theory and evidence from Costa Rica," Documentos de Trabajo 2305, Banco Central de Costa Rica.
  • Handle: RePEc:apk:doctra:2305
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    File URL: https://repositorioinvestigaciones.bccr.fi.cr/handle/20.500.12506/388
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    JEL classification:

    • F15 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Economic Integration
    • F63 - International Economics - - Economic Impacts of Globalization - - - Economic Development
    • O24 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Development Planning and Policy - - - Trade Policy; Factor Movement; Foreign Exchange Policy

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