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Voting on a Trade Agreement: Firm Networks and Attitudes Toward Openness

Author

Listed:
  • Esteban Méndez-Chacón

    (Department of Economic Research, Central Bank of Costa Rica)

  • Diana Van Patten

    (Yale University)

Abstract

We exploit a natural experiment to study the extent to which popular attitudes toward trade are driven by economic fundamentals. In 2007, Costa Rica put a free trade agreement (FTA) to a national referendum. With a single question on the ballot, 59% of Costa Rican adult citizens cast a vote on whether they wanted an FTA with the United States to be ratified, or not. We merge disaggregated referendum results with employer-employee data, customs and balance-sheet data, firm-to-firm transactions data, and data on household composition and expenditures. We document that a firm’s exposure to the FTA, directly and via input-output linkages, significantly influences the voting behavior of its employees. This effect is greater for voters who are aligned with pro-FTA political candidates. We find that import competition plays a role in explaining votes against openness, and that withinindustry heterogeneity is key in explaining votes, as compared with sector-level exposure. We also show that citizens considered the expected decrease in consumer prices when exercising their vote.***Resumen: En este artículo se utiliza un experimento natural para estudiar hasta qué punto las actitudes hacia el comercio están impulsadas por fundamentos económicos. En 2007, Costa Rica sometió a referéndum nacional un tratado de libre comercio (TLC). Con una sola pregunta en la papeleta, el 59% de los costarricenses mayores de edad emitieron su voto sobre la aprobación de un TLC con Estados Unidos. Combinamos los resultados del referéndum por junta receptora de voto con información sobre empleo, exportaciones e importaciones y transacciones entre empresas, así como sobre el gasto promedio de los hogares. Documentamos que la exposición de una empresa al TLC, directamente y a través de sus vínculos insumo-producto con otras firmas, está relacionada con el comportamiento de voto de sus empleados. Encontramos que la competencia ocasionada por las importaciones desempeña un papel en la explicación de los votos en contra de la apertura, y que la heterogeneidad dentro de la industria es clave para explicar los votos, en comparación con la exposición a nivel de sector. También mostramos que los ciudadanos consideraron la disminución esperada en los precios al consumidor al ejercer su voto.

Suggested Citation

  • Esteban Méndez-Chacón & Diana Van Patten, 2022. "Voting on a Trade Agreement: Firm Networks and Attitudes Toward Openness," Documentos de Trabajo 2204, Banco Central de Costa Rica.
  • Handle: RePEc:apk:doctra:2204
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    File URL: https://repositorioinvestigaciones.bccr.fi.cr/handle/20.500.12506/392
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • F13 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Trade Policy; International Trade Organizations
    • F14 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Empirical Studies of Trade
    • F68 - International Economics - - Economic Impacts of Globalization - - - Policy
    • O24 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Development Planning and Policy - - - Trade Policy; Factor Movement; Foreign Exchange Policy
    • D72 - Microeconomics - - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making - - - Political Processes: Rent-seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior

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