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An Analysis of Purchasing Power Parity among OECD Countries

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  • Diana Van Patten

    (Yale University and NBER)

Abstract

An examination of the country’s PPP-adjusted aggregate price level compared to other regions of the world does not create a red flag with respect to Costa Rica being particularly expensive. This is true even when comparing Costa Rica with the OECD. The picture is very different when disaggregating price levels and conducting a study by product category. The analysis by categories shows that some product groups are extremely expensive in Costa Rica, not only in comparison with Latin America, but up to 30% more expensive than in OECD countries that have an average GDP per capita 56% higher to the Costa Rican. An analysis of the most expensive categories in the country, and the products that compose them, indicates that high costs might be linked to market concentration, little competition and the regulatory framework that surrounds the industries in these groups. Despite the country being relatively cheap in multiple categories, high prices in key industries with high concentration of producers may have contributed to the general notion of Costa Rica as an expensive country. In particular, many of the goods in expensive categories are part of the basic food basket. This impacts the most vulnerable population the most, as it allocates a greater percentage of its income to spending on food. Thus, increasing the degree of competition could disproportionately benefit low-income people, and help reduce real income inequality in the country. ***Resumen: En el presente estudio se analiza el nivel de precios ajustado por PPA de Costa Rica en comparación con los países pertenecientes al programa Eurostat-OECD. Un examen del nivel de precios agregado ajustado por PPA del país en comparación con otras regiones del mundo no crea una señal de alerta con respecto a que Costa Rica sea un país particularmente caro. El panorama es muy distinto al desagregar los niveles de precios y hacer un estudio por categorías de productos. El análisis por categorías muestra que algunos grupos de productos son más caros en Costa Rica, no sólo en comparación con América Latina, sino hasta 30% más costosos que en países de la OCDE que en promedio tienen un PIB per cápita 56% mayor al costarricense. Un análisis de las categorías más costosas del país, y de los productos que las componen, señala que la concentración de mercado, la poca competencia y el marco regulatorio que rodea a las industrias en estos grupos podría explicar gran parte de las diferencias documentadas. A pesar de que el país es relativamente barato en múltiples categorías, los altos precios en industrias clave con alta concentración de productores pueden haber contribuido a la noción general de Costa Rica como un país caro. Lo anterior en particular porque muchos de los bienes en categorías costosas son parte de la canasta básica de alimentos. Esto tiene mayor impacto sobre las poblaciones más vulnerables, que destinan un mayor porcentaje de su ingreso al gasto en alimentos. Por lo tanto, aumentar el grado de competencia podría beneficiar principalmente a las personas de bajos ingresos, y ayudar a disminuir la desigualdad de ingresos reales en el país.

Suggested Citation

  • Diana Van Patten, 2021. "An Analysis of Purchasing Power Parity among OECD Countries," Documentos de Trabajo 2106, Banco Central de Costa Rica.
  • Handle: RePEc:apk:doctra:2106
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    File URL: https://repositorioinvestigaciones.bccr.fi.cr/handle/20.500.12506/352
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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • E31 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles - - - Price Level; Inflation; Deflation
    • L10 - Industrial Organization - - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance - - - General
    • P44 - Political Economy and Comparative Economic Systems - - Other Economic Systems - - - National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation

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