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Прогнозирование ВВП Казахстана на основе динамической факторной модели с регуляризацией // Forecasting Kazakhstan’s GDP Based on a Dynamic Factor Model with Regularization

Author

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  • Ахмет Алишер // Alisher Akhmet

    (National Bank of Kazakhstan)

Abstract

В работе предлагается подход к краткосрочному прогнозированию валового внутреннего продукта (ВВП) Казахстана на основе динамической факторной модели (DFM), оцененной по широкой панели макроэкономических и отраслевых показателей. Модель позволяет извлечь латентные факторы, отражающие основные источники совместной динамики в экономике, и использовать их для прогнозирования ВВП в условиях неполной и асинхронной информации. Оценка факторов осуществляется в пространстве состояний с применением фильтра Калмана, что обеспечивает корректную обработку пропусков и различной периодичности данных. Для повышения устойчивости прогнозов и учета изменяющихся во времени взаимосвязей используется регуляризированная регрессионная спецификация с экспоненциальным затуханием весов наблюдений. Прогнозная точность модели оценивается в рамках расширяющегося окна, что позволяет имитировать условия реального прогнозного раунда и исключить использование будущей информации. Сравнение с наивным прогнозом и авторегрессионной моделью ВВП показывает, что факторная структура с регуляризацией обеспечивает существенное снижение прогнозной неопределенности и демонстрирует высокую информативность на краткосрочном горизонте. // This paper develops an approach to short-term forecasting of Kazakhstan’s gross domestic product (GDP) based on a dynamic factor model (DFM) estimated using a broad panel of macroeconomic and sectoral indicators. The model enables the extraction of latent factors that represent the main sources of common variation in the economy and their use for forecasting GDP under conditions of incomplete and asynchronous information. The factors are estimated within a state-space framework using the Kalman filter, which allows for a consistent treatment of missing observations and mixed data frequencies. To enhance forecast robustness and accommodate time variation in economic relationships, a regularized regression specification with exponential decay of observation weights is applied. Forecast performance is assessed using an expanding-window evaluation scheme that replicates real-time forecasting conditions and precludes the use of future information. A comparison with a naïve benchmark and an autoregressive model of GDP indicates that the regularized factor-based specification substantially reduces forecast uncertainty and yields more informative short-term forecasts.

Suggested Citation

  • Ахмет Алишер // Alisher Akhmet, 2026. "Прогнозирование ВВП Казахстана на основе динамической факторной модели с регуляризацией // Forecasting Kazakhstan’s GDP Based on a Dynamic Factor Model with Regularization," Working Papers #2026-1, National Bank of Kazakhstan.
  • Handle: RePEc:aob:wpaper:69
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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • C32 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables - - - Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models; Diffusion Processes; State Space Models
    • C38 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables - - - Classification Methdos; Cluster Analysis; Principal Components; Factor Analysis
    • C51 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric Modeling - - - Model Construction and Estimation
    • C53 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric Modeling - - - Forecasting and Prediction Models; Simulation Methods
    • E32 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles - - - Business Fluctuations; Cycles
    • O47 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity - - - Empirical Studies of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity; Cross-Country Output Convergence

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