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Transaction Costs of the Kyoto Mechanisms

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  • Michaelowa, Axel
  • Stronzik, Marcus

Abstract

Transaction costs will reduce the attractiveness of the Kyoto Mechanisms compared to domestic abatement options. Especially the project-based mechanisms CDM and JI are likely to entail considerable costs of baseline development, verification and certification. The AIJ pilot phase and the PCF programme give indications about the level of these costs. Under current estimates of world market prices for greenhouse gas emission permits, projects with annual emission reductions of less than 50,000 t CO2 equivalent are unlikely to be viable; for micro projects transaction costs can reach several hundred Euro per t CO2 equivalent. Thus the Marrakesh Accord rule to have special rules for small scale CDM projects makes sense, even if the thresholds chosen advantage certain project types; projects below 1000 t CO2 equivalent per year should get further exemptions. An alternative solution with no risk for the environmental credibility of the projects would be to subsidise baseline setting and charge lower, subsidised fees for small projects for the different steps of the CDM/second track JI project cycle. Transaktionskosten verringern die Attraktivität der Kyoto-Mechanismen im Vergleich zu heimischen Verringerungsmaßnahmen. Besonders die projektbasierten Mechanismen CDM und JI bringen voraussichtlich erhebliche Kosten für Referenzfallentwicklung, Verifizierung und Zertifizierung mit sich. Die AIJ-Erprobungsphase und das Programm des PCF geben Anhaltspunkte für die Höhe dieser Kosten. Bei den derzeitigen Schätzungen der Weltmarktpreise für Treibhausgasemissionsrechte sind Projekte mit weniger als 50,000 t CO2-Äquivalent pro Jahr ökonomisch nicht attraktiv; für Kleinstprojekte können die Transaktionskosten mehrere Hundert - pro t CO2- Äquivalent betragen. Daher sind die Marrakesch-Beschlüsse, Sonderregeln für CDMKleinprojekte auszuarbeiten, sinnvoll, wenn auch die dort gewählten Schwellenwerte bestimmte Projekttypen begünstigen. Projekte unter 1000 t CO2-Äquivalent pro Jahr sollten weitere Vergünstigungen erhalten. Eine Alternative ohne Gefährdung der umweltpolitischen Glaubwürdigkeit der Projekte wäre die Subventionierung der Referenzfallerstellung und die Erhebung geringerer, subventionierter Gebühren für die verschiedenen Schritte des CDM/2.-Weg-JI-Projektzyklus.

Suggested Citation

  • Michaelowa, Axel & Stronzik, Marcus, 2002. "Transaction Costs of the Kyoto Mechanisms," Discussion Paper Series 26284, Hamburg Institute of International Economics.
  • Handle: RePEc:ags:hwwadp:26284
    DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.26284
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Ryuji Matsuhashi & Yutaka Momobayashi & Hisashi Ishitani, 2002. "Feasibility study on a CDM project utilizing photovoltaic systems," Environmental Economics and Policy Studies, Springer;Society for Environmental Economics and Policy Studies - SEEPS, vol. 5(2), pages 105-119, June.
    2. Lubomir Nondek & Anne Arquit Niederberger, 2004. "Statistical analysis of CDM capacity-building needs," Climate Policy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 4(3), pages 249-268, September.
    3. Greiner, Sandra & Michaelowa, Axel, 2003. "Defining Investment Additionality for CDM projects--practical approaches," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 31(10), pages 1007-1015, August.
    4. Mitsutsune Yamaguchi, 2005. "CDM potential in the power-generation and energy-intensive industries of China," Climate Policy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 5(2), pages 167-184, March.
    5. Djanibekov, Utkur & Khamzina, Asia & Djanibekov, Nodir & Lamers, John P.A., 2012. "How attractive are short-term CDM forestations in arid regions? The case of irrigated croplands in Uzbekistan," Forest Policy and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 21(C), pages 108-117.
    6. Singh, Inderjeet & Michaelowa, Axel, 2004. "Indian Urban Building Sector: CDM Potential through Energy Efficiency in Electricity Consumption," Discussion Paper Series 26323, Hamburg Institute of International Economics.
    7. Müller-Pelzer, Felicia, 2004. "The Clean Development Mechanism," HWWA Reports 244, Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWA).
    8. Wang, Zhi, 2003. "WTO Accession, "Greater China" Free Trade Area and Economic Integration across the Taiwan Strait," Conference papers 331126, Purdue University, Center for Global Trade Analysis, Global Trade Analysis Project.
    9. Axel Michaelowa, 2002. "Book review," Climate Policy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 2(4), pages 395-396, December.
    10. Khalil Helioui, 2006. "Coordination internationale des politiques climatiques : quelle efficacité ?," Working Papers hal-00866433, HAL.
    11. Khalil, Helioui & Cohen, Claude & Salem Szklo, Alexandre, 2006. "How to use the clean development mechanism in the residential sector? The case of Brazilian refrigerators," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 34(15), pages 2150-2160, October.
    12. Singh, Inderjeet & Michaelowa, Axel, 2004. "Indian Urban Building Sector: CDM Potential through Engergy Efficiency in Electricity Consumption," HWWA Discussion Papers 289, Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWA).
    13. Khalil Helioui, 2006. "Coordination internationale des politiques climatiques : quelle efficacité ?," CIRED Working Papers hal-00866433, HAL.
    14. Frank Jotzo & Axel Michaelowa, 2002. "Estimating the CDM market under the Marrakech Accords," Climate Policy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 2(2-3), pages 179-196, September.
    15. Ryuji Matsuhashi & Yutaka Momobayashi & Hisashi Ishitani, 2002. "Feasibility study on a CDM project utilizing photovoltaic systems," Environmental Economics and Policy Studies, Springer;Society for Environmental Economics and Policy Studies - SEEPS, vol. 5(2), pages 105-119, June.
    16. Alfred Endres & Cornelia Ohl, 2005. "Kyoto, Europe?—An Economic Evaluation of the European Emission Trading Directive," European Journal of Law and Economics, Springer, vol. 19(1), pages 17-39, January.

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    Keywords

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