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Hybrid Entrepreneurship during Retirement: Comparison of Motives and Aspirations

In: Entrepreneurship, Self-Employment and Retirement

Author

Listed:
  • Erno T. Tornikoski
  • Anmari Viljamaa
  • Elina Varamäki

Abstract

Hybrid entrepreneurship represents a surprisingly large part of economic activities in many countries. For example, it has been estimated that in Finland as much as 4 per cent of the employed workforce and 4 per cent of the non-employed population (e.g., students, pensioners) are involved in entrepreneurial activities on a part-time basis (Akola et al. 2007; Entrepreneurship Review 2010). Hybrid entrepreneurs (HEs) also represent a significant share of all entrepreneurial activities (Folta, Delmar and Wennberg 2010; Lith 2010). According to one study, full-time entrepreneurs were outnumbered by individuals who engaged simultaneously in self-employment and wage work (Burke, FitzRoy and Nolan 2008). Hybrid entrepreneurship also seems to be an interesting option for starting a new business. At least, over 50 per cent of nascent entrepreneurs — individuals in the process of starting a new venture — are simultaneously engaging in wage-employment (Acs et al. 2005; Reynolds et al. 2004; Gelderen, van Thurik and Bosma 2005; Bosma and Harding 2007).

Suggested Citation

  • Erno T. Tornikoski & Anmari Viljamaa & Elina Varamäki, 2015. "Hybrid Entrepreneurship during Retirement: Comparison of Motives and Aspirations," Palgrave Macmillan Books, in: Natalie Sappleton & Fernando Lourenço (ed.), Entrepreneurship, Self-Employment and Retirement, chapter 8, pages 187-208, Palgrave Macmillan.
    • Handle: RePEc:pal:palchp:978-1-137-39839-0_9
    DOI: 10.1057/9781137398390_9
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Klyver, Kim & Steffens, Paul & Lomberg, Carina, 2020. "Having your cake and eating it too? A two-stage model of the impact of employment and parallel job search on hybrid nascent entrepreneurship," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 35(5).
    2. Anmari Viljamaa & Elina Varamäki & Sanna Joensuu-Salo, 2017. "Best of Both Worlds? Persistent Hybrid Entrepreneurship," Journal of Enterprising Culture (JEC), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 25(04), pages 339-359, December.
    3. Jun Sun & Yongchun Huang & Dejin Su & Chen Yang, 2020. "Data mining and analysis of part-time entrepreneurs from the perspective of entrepreneurial ability," Information Systems and e-Business Management, Springer, vol. 18(3), pages 455-484, September.

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