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Modeling Population Immunity to Support Efforts to End the Transmission of Live Polioviruses

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  • Kimberly M. Thompson
  • Mark A. Pallansch
  • Radboud J. Duintjer Tebbens
  • Steve G. Wassilak
  • Stephen L. Cochi

Abstract

Eradication of wild poliovirus (WPV) types 1 and 3, prevention and cessation of circulating vaccine‐derived polioviruses, and achievement and maintenance of a world free of paralytic polio cases requires active risk management by focusing on population immunity and coordinated cessation of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). We suggest the need for a complementary and different conceptual approach to achieve eradication compared to the current case‐based approach using surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) to identify symptomatic poliovirus infections. Specifically, we describe a modeling approach to characterize overall population immunity to poliovirus transmission. The approach deals with the realities that exposure to live polioviruses (e.g., WPV, OPV) and/or vaccination with inactivated poliovirus vaccine provides protection from paralytic polio (i.e., disease), but does not eliminate the potential for reinfection or asymptomatic participation in poliovirus transmission, which may increase with time because of waning immunity. The AFP surveillance system provides evidence of symptomatic poliovirus infections detected, which indicate immunity gaps after outbreaks occur, and this system represents an appropriate focus for controlling disease outbreaks. We describe a conceptual dynamic model to characterize population immunity to poliovirus transmission that helps identify risks created by immunity gaps before outbreaks occur, which provides an opportunity for national and global policymakers to manage the risk of poliovirus and prevent outbreaks before they occur. We suggest that dynamically modeling risk represents an essential tool as the number of cases approaches zero.

Suggested Citation

  • Kimberly M. Thompson & Mark A. Pallansch & Radboud J. Duintjer Tebbens & Steve G. Wassilak & Stephen L. Cochi, 2013. "Modeling Population Immunity to Support Efforts to End the Transmission of Live Polioviruses," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 33(4), pages 647-663, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:wly:riskan:v:33:y:2013:i:4:p:647-663
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01891.x
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    1. Radboud J. Duintjer Tebbens & Mark A. Pallansch & Dominika A. Kalkowska & Steven G. F. Wassilak & Stephen L. Cochi & Kimberly M. Thompson, 2013. "Characterizing Poliovirus Transmission and Evolution: Insights from Modeling Experiences with Wild and Vaccine‐Related Polioviruses," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 33(4), pages 703-749, April.
    2. Thompson, K.M. & Duintjer Tebbens, R.J. & Pallansch, M.A. & Kew, O.M. & Sutter, R.W. & Aylward, R.B. & Watkins, M. & Gary Jr., H.E. & Alexander, J. & Jafari, H. & Cochi, S.L., 2008. "The risks, costs, and benefits of possible future global policies for managing polioviruses," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 98(7), pages 1322-1330.
    3. Radboud J. Duintjer Tebbens & Mark A. Pallansch & Olen M. Kew & Victor M. Cáceres & Hamid Jafari & Stephen L. Cochi & Roland W. Sutter & R. Bruce Aylward & Kimberly M. Thompson, 2006. "Risks of Paralytic Disease Due to Wild or Vaccine‐Derived Poliovirus After Eradication," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 26(6), pages 1471-1505, December.
    4. Radboud J. Duintjer Tebbens & Mark A. Pallansch & Konstantin M. Chumakov & Neal A. Halsey & Tapani Hovi & Philip D. Minor & John F. Modlin & Peter A. Patriarca & Roland W. Sutter & Peter F. Wright & S, 2013. "Review and Assessment of Poliovirus Immunity and Transmission: Synthesis of Knowledge Gaps and Identification of Research Needs," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 33(4), pages 606-646, April.
    5. Josep M Pujol & Joseph E Eisenberg & Charles N Haas & James S Koopman, 2009. "The Effect of Ongoing Exposure Dynamics in Dose Response Relationships," PLOS Computational Biology, Public Library of Science, vol. 5(6), pages 1-12, June.
    6. Esther De Gourville & Radboud J. Duintjer Tebbens & Nalinee Sangrujee & Mark A. Pallansch & Kimberly M. Thompson, 2006. "Global Surveillance and the Value of Information: The Case of the Global Polio Laboratory Network," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 26(6), pages 1557-1569, December.
    7. Radboud J. Duintjer Tebbens & Kimberly M. Thompson, 2009. "Priority Shifting and the Dynamics of Managing Eradicable Infectious Diseases," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 55(4), pages 650-663, April.
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    Cited by:

    1. Sara A. Lowther & Sigrun Roesel & Patrick O'Connor & Mauricio Landaverde & George Oblapenko & Sergei Deshevoi & Goel Ajay & Ann Buff & Hala Safwat & Mbaye Salla & Rudi Tangermann & Nino Khetsuriani & , 2013. "World Health Organization Regional Assessments of the Risks of Poliovirus Outbreaks," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 33(4), pages 664-679, April.
    2. Kimberly M. Thompson, 2016. "Evolution and Use of Dynamic Transmission Models for Measles and Rubella Risk and Policy Analysis," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 36(7), pages 1383-1403, July.
    3. Dominika A. Kalkowska & Kimberly M. Thompson, 2021. "Insights From Modeling Preventive Supplemental Immunization Activities as a Strategy to Eliminate Wild Poliovirus Transmission in Pakistan and Afghanistan," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 41(2), pages 266-272, February.
    4. Kimberly M. Thompson & Cassie L. Odahowski, 2016. "Systematic Review of Measles and Rubella Serology Studies," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 36(7), pages 1459-1486, July.
    5. Kimberly M. Thompson & Dominika A. Kalkowska, 2021. "Reflections on Modeling Poliovirus Transmission and the Polio Eradication Endgame," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 41(2), pages 229-247, February.
    6. Dominika A. Kalkowska & Mark A. Pallansch & Stephen L. Cochi & Stephanie D. Kovacs & Steven G. F. Wassilak & Kimberly M. Thompson, 2021. "Updated Characterization of Post‐OPV Cessation Risks: Lessons from 2019 Serotype 2 Outbreaks and Implications for the Probability of OPV Restart," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 41(2), pages 320-328, February.
    7. Radboud J. Duintjer Tebbens & Mark A. Pallansch & Dominika A. Kalkowska & Steven G. F. Wassilak & Stephen L. Cochi & Kimberly M. Thompson, 2013. "Characterizing Poliovirus Transmission and Evolution: Insights from Modeling Experiences with Wild and Vaccine‐Related Polioviruses," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 33(4), pages 703-749, April.
    8. Kimberly M. Thompson & Radboud J. Duintjer Tebbens, 2016. "Framework for Optimal Global Vaccine Stockpile Design for Vaccine‐Preventable Diseases: Application to Measles and Cholera Vaccines as Contrasting Examples," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 36(7), pages 1487-1509, July.
    9. Kimberly M. Thompson & Cassie L. Odahowski & James L. Goodson & Susan E. Reef & Robert T. Perry, 2016. "Synthesis of Evidence to Characterize National Measles and Rubella Exposure and Immunization Histories," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 36(7), pages 1427-1458, July.
    10. Radboud J. Duintjer Tebbens & Mark A. Pallansch & Konstantin M. Chumakov & Neal A. Halsey & Tapani Hovi & Philip D. Minor & John F. Modlin & Peter A. Patriarca & Roland W. Sutter & Peter F. Wright & S, 2013. "Expert Review on Poliovirus Immunity and Transmission," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 33(4), pages 544-605, April.
    11. Kimberly M. Thompson & Mark A. Pallansch & Radboud J. Duintjer Tebbens & Steve G. Wassilak & Jong‐Hoon Kim & Stephen L. Cochi, 2013. "Preeradication Vaccine Policy Options for Poliovirus Infection and Disease Control," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 33(4), pages 516-543, April.
    12. Radboud J. Duintjer Tebbens & Mark A. Pallansch & Jong‐Hoon Kim & Cara C. Burns & Olen M. Kew & M. Steven Oberste & Ousmane M. Diop & Steven G.F. Wassilak & Stephen L. Cochi & Kimberly M. Thompson, 2013. "Oral Poliovirus Vaccine Evolution and Insights Relevant to Modeling the Risks of Circulating Vaccine‐Derived Polioviruses (cVDPVs)," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 33(4), pages 680-702, April.
    13. Kimberly M. Thompson, 2013. "Modeling Poliovirus Risks and the Legacy of Polio Eradication," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 33(4), pages 505-515, April.
    14. John Hamer Powell & Michael Hammond & Albert Chen & Navonil Mustafee, 2018. "Human Agency in Disaster Planning: A Systems Approach," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 38(7), pages 1422-1443, July.

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