IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/crtinf/v7y2026i1ne70011.html

Risks of Time and Chronology as an Underpinning Infrastructure for Critical Systems: Emerging Chronorisks and Chronosecurity Needs

Author

Listed:
  • Bilal M. Ayyub

Abstract

Time and chronology form the invisible architecture upon which modern civilization depends, governing synchronization across markets, power grids, communication networks, transportation, and defense. Yet, this shared temporal framework, engineered through atomic clocks, satellites, and digital synchronization, faces growing vulnerabilities from error, neglect, and sabotage. This paper introduces the concepts of chronorisk and chronosecurity within a risk framework: chronorisk as the effect of uncertainty on the objective of maintaining accurate, synchronized, and secure timekeeping, and chronosecurity as the set of principles and measures ensuring its protection and resilience. Through a risk‐based lens, the paper examines emerging threats to global time infrastructures, including GNSS spoofing, cyberattacks, and systemic coupling failures. It explores how the social construct of time, unlike nature's adaptive rhythms, can be brittle and prone to cascading breakdowns. Drawing on lessons from natural systems, policy frameworks, and risk science, the study proposes integrated strategies for strengthening temporal resilience, framing time not only as a scientific or technical concern, but as a foundational element of national and global security. 时间和年代学构成了现代文明赖以生存的无形架构, 掌控着市场、电网、通信网络、交通运输和国防之间的同步。然而, 这种通过原子钟、卫星和数字同步构建的共享时间框架, 正面临着来自错误、疏忽和破坏的日益严重的威胁。本文在风险框架内引入了年代风险和年代安全的概念:年代风险是指不确定性对维持准确、同步和安全计时目标的影响;年代安全是指确保其安全性和韧性的一系列原则和措施。本文从风险视角审视了全球时间基础设施面临的新兴威胁, 包括全球导航卫星系统 (GNSS) 欺骗、网络攻击和系统耦合故障。本文探讨了与自然界的适应性节律不同的社会时间结构如何变得脆弱, 并容易发生连锁崩溃。本研究借鉴自然系统、政策框架和风险科学的经验, 提出了增强时间韧性的综合策略, 不仅将时间视为科学或技术问题, 更将其视为国家和全球安全的基础要素。引言:时间与年代学 El tiempo y la cronología conforman la arquitectura invisible de la que depende la civilización moderna, gobernando la sincronización entre mercados, redes eléctricas, redes de comunicación, transporte y defensa. Sin embargo, este marco temporal compartido, diseñado mediante relojes atómicos, satélites y sincronización digital, se enfrenta a crecientes vulnerabilidades derivadas de errores, negligencias y sabotajes. Este artículo presenta los conceptos de cronoriesgo y cronoseguridad dentro de un marco de riesgo: el cronoriesgo como el efecto de la incertidumbre en el objetivo de mantener un cronometraje preciso, sincronizado y seguro, y la cronoseguridad como el conjunto de principios y medidas que garantizan su protección y resiliencia. Desde una perspectiva basada en el riesgo, el artículo examina las amenazas emergentes a las infraestructuras temporales globales, incluyendo la suplantación de GNSS, los ciberataques y los fallos de acoplamiento sistémico. Explora cómo la construcción social del tiempo, a diferencia de los ritmos adaptativos de la naturaleza, puede ser frágil y propensa a colapsos en cascada. Basándose en lecciones de sistemas naturales, marcos de políticas y ciencia del riesgo, el estudio propone estrategias integradas para fortalecer la resiliencia temporal, considerando el tiempo no solo como una preocupación científica o técnica, sino como un elemento fundamental de la seguridad nacional y global. Contexto introductorio: Tiempo y cronología

Suggested Citation

  • Bilal M. Ayyub, 2026. "Risks of Time and Chronology as an Underpinning Infrastructure for Critical Systems: Emerging Chronorisks and Chronosecurity Needs," Journal of Critical Infrastructure Policy, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 7(1), January.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:crtinf:v:7:y:2026:i:1:n:e70011
    DOI: 10.1002/jci3.70011
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/jci3.70011
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1002/jci3.70011?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Bilal M. Ayyub, 2014. "Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition, Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 34(2), pages 340-355, February.
    2. Saravjeet Singh & Jaiteg Singh & Sukhjit Singh & S. B. Goyal & Maria Simona Raboaca & Chaman Verma & George Suciu, 2022. "Detection and Mitigation of GNSS Spoofing Attacks in Maritime Environments Using a Genetic Algorithm," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(21), pages 1-20, November.
    3. Leon Lobo & Douglas Paul & Chander Velu, 2025. "GPS timekeeping is increasingly vulnerable: here’s how to deliver future-proofed time," Nature, Nature, vol. 645(8081), pages 585-588, September.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. H. Klammler & P. S. C. Rao & K. Hatfield, 2018. "Modeling dynamic resilience in coupled technological-social systems subjected to stochastic disturbance regimes," Environment Systems and Decisions, Springer, vol. 38(1), pages 140-159, March.
    2. Meshal Aldawsari & Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi, 2025. "Resilience Assessment and Sustainability Enhancement of Gas and CO 2 Utilization via Carbon–Hydrogen–Oxygen Symbiosis Networks," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(19), pages 1-22, September.
    3. Yusuke Toyoda, 2021. "Survey paper: achievements and perspectives of community resilience approaches to societal systems," Asia-Pacific Journal of Regional Science, Springer, vol. 5(3), pages 705-756, October.
    4. Amro Nasr & Oskar Larsson Ivanov & Ivar Björnsson & Jonas Johansson & Dániel Honfi, 2021. "Towards a Conceptual Framework for Built Infrastructure Design in an Uncertain Climate: Challenges and Research Needs," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-19, October.
    5. Nariman Valizadeh & Asaad Y. Shamseldin & Liam Wotherspoon, 2019. "Quantification of the hydraulic dimension of stormwater management system resilience to flooding," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 33(13), pages 4417-4429, October.
    6. Poulin, Craig & Kane, Michael B., 2021. "Infrastructure resilience curves: Performance measures and summary metrics," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 216(C).
    7. Jesse M. Keenan, 2018. "Regional resilience trust funds: an exploratory analysis for leveraging insurance surcharges," Environment Systems and Decisions, Springer, vol. 38(1), pages 118-139, March.
    8. Kenneth Martínez & David Claudio, 2023. "Expanding Fundamental Boundaries between Resilience and Survivability in Systems Engineering: A Literature Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-27, March.
    9. Yifan Yang & S. Thomas Ng & Frank J. Xu & Martin Skitmore & Shenghua Zhou, 2019. "Towards Resilient Civil Infrastructure Asset Management: An Information Elicitation and Analytical Framework," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(16), pages 1-24, August.
    10. Cai, Baoping & Zhang, Yanping & Wang, Haifeng & Liu, Yonghong & Ji, Renjie & Gao, Chuntan & Kong, Xiangdi & Liu, Jing, 2021. "Resilience evaluation methodology of engineering systems with dynamic-Bayesian-network-based degradation and maintenance," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 209(C).
    11. MacKenzie, Cameron A. & Hu, Chao, 2019. "Decision making under uncertainty for design of resilient engineered systems," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 192(C).
    12. Corinne Curt & Jean‐Marc Tacnet, 2018. "Resilience of Critical Infrastructures: Review and Analysis of Current Approaches," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 38(11), pages 2441-2458, November.
    13. Wang, Shuliang & Lv, Wenzhuo & Zhang, Jianhua & Luan, Shengyang & Chen, Chen & Gu, Xifeng, 2021. "Method of power network critical nodes identification and robustness enhancement based on a cooperative framework," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 207(C).
    14. Liu, Xing & Ferrario, Elisa & Zio, Enrico, 2019. "Identifying resilient-important elements in interdependent critical infrastructures by sensitivity analysis," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 189(C), pages 423-434.
    15. Mottahedi, Adel & Sereshki, Farhang & Ataei, Mohammad & Qarahasanlou, Ali Nouri & Barabadi, Abbas, 2021. "Resilience estimation of critical infrastructure systems: Application of expert judgment," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 215(C).
    16. Dui, Hongyan & Liu, Meng & Song, Jiaying & Wu, Shaomin, 2023. "Importance measure-based resilience management: Review, methodology and perspectives on maintenance," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 237(C).
    17. Damin Dong & Zeyu Yu & Jianzhong Xu, 2025. "A Study on the Characteristics and System Construction of Urban Disaster Resilience in Shanghai: A Metropolis Perspective," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(1), pages 1-27, January.
    18. Liu, Xing & Fang, Yi-Ping & Zio, Enrico, 2021. "A Hierarchical Resilience Enhancement Framework for Interdependent Critical Infrastructures," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 215(C).
    19. Argyroudis, Sotirios A. & Mitoulis, Stergios Aristoteles, 2021. "Vulnerability of bridges to individual and multiple hazards- floods and earthquakes," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 210(C).
    20. Wei Xie & Adam Rose & Shantong Li & Jianwu He & Ning Li & Tariq Ali, 2018. "Dynamic Economic Resilience and Economic Recovery from Disasters: A Quantitative Assessment," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 38(6), pages 1306-1318, June.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:wly:crtinf:v:7:y:2026:i:1:n:e70011. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://doi.org/10.1002/(ISSN)2693-3101 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.