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A model of evidence production and optimal standard of proof and penalty in criminal trials

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  • Okan Yilankaya

Abstract

The defendant is either innocent or guilty, which she, not the court or prosecutor, knows. The court convicts the defendant whenever its posterior probability of her guilt – which depends on the evidence presented – is greater than the standard of proof. Evidence production by litigating parties is a costly stochastic process. Subsequently, the optimal choice of standard of proof and penalty is analysed. The optimal standard of proof is increasing in the cost of convicting an innocent defendant and decreasing in the cost of acquitting a guilty defendant. Higher penalties may increase probabilities of both false conviction and false acquittal. Un modèle de production de la preuve et la norme optimale de la preuve et de la punition dans les procès criminels. On développe un modèle de production de la preuve par les parties en litige dans un contexte criminel. L’accusé peut être de deux types – innocent ou coupable – et il sait de quel type il est. Mais ni le tribunal ni le procureur n’ont cette information. Le tribunal ne va condamner l’accusé que si la probabilité a posteriori de culpabilité de l’accusé est plus grande qu’une certaine valeur seuil – la norme de la preuve. Cette probabilité dépend des preuves présentées par les parties au tribunal. La production de la preuve est un processus stochastique coûteux. Ce modèle de production de la preuve est utilisé pour analyser le choix optimal de la preuve et de la punition. Comme on pouvait s’y attendre, on peut montrer que la norme optimale de la preuve s’accroît à proportion que s’accroît le coût de condamner un innocent et décroît à proportion que s’accroît le coût de l’acquittement d’un coupable. Ce qui est plus surprenant, on peut montrer que l’accroissement de la punition infligée à un accusé trouvé coupable peut accroître les probabilités à la fois de condamnation et d’acquittement non fondés.

Suggested Citation

  • Okan Yilankaya, 2002. "A model of evidence production and optimal standard of proof and penalty in criminal trials," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 35(2), pages 385-409, May.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:canjec:v:35:y:2002:i:2:p:385-409
    DOI: 10.1111/1540-5982.00136
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    Cited by:

    1. Antonio Nicita & Matteo Rizzolli, 2014. "In Dubio Pro Reo. Behavioral Explanations of Pro-defendant Bias in Procedures," CESifo Economic Studies, CESifo, vol. 60(3), pages 554-580.
    2. Lando Henrik, 2009. "Prevention of Crime and the Optimal Standard of Proof in Criminal Law," Review of Law & Economics, De Gruyter, vol. 5(1), pages 33-52, January.
    3. Murat C. Mungan & Marie Obidzinski & Yves Oytana, 2020. "Accuracy and Preferences for Legal Error," Working Papers 2020-09, CRESE.
    4. Gorkem Celik, 2015. "Implementation by Gradual Revelation," RAND Journal of Economics, RAND Corporation, vol. 46(2), pages 271-296, June.
    5. Guerra Alice & Luppi Barbara & Parisi Francesco, 2019. "Standards of Proof and Civil Litigation: A Game-Theoretic Analysis," The B.E. Journal of Theoretical Economics, De Gruyter, vol. 19(1), pages 1-19, January.
    6. Luke M. Froeb & Bernhard Ganglmair & Steven Tschantz, 2016. "Adversarial Decision Making: Choosing between Models Constructed by Interested Parties," Journal of Law and Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 59(3), pages 527-548.
    7. Matteo Rizzolli & Margherita Saraceno, 2013. "Better that ten guilty persons escape: punishment costs explain the standard of evidence," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 155(3), pages 395-411, June.
    8. Matteo Rizzolli & Margherita Saraceno, 2009. "Better that X guilty persons escape than that one innocent suffer," Working Papers 168, University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Economics, revised Jul 2009.
    9. Robin Christmann, 2023. "Plea bargaining and investigation effort: inquisitorial criminal procedure as a three-player game," European Journal of Law and Economics, Springer, vol. 56(3), pages 497-532, December.
    10. Schwarz Mordechai E., 2012. "Subgame Perfect Plea Bargaining in Biform Judicial Contests," Review of Law & Economics, De Gruyter, vol. 8(1), pages 297-330, September.
    11. Matteo Rizzolli, 2016. "Adjudication: Type-I and Type-II Errors," CERBE Working Papers wpC15, CERBE Center for Relationship Banking and Economics.

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