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Environmental pollution and economic growth in the European Union countries: A systematic literature review

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  • Suproń Błażej

    (Department of Economics, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, ul. Żołnierska 47, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland)

Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between economic growth and CO₂ emissions in the European Union, with a particular focus on the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. Through a systematic review of approximately 1,250 scientific publications, machine learning techniques, and multivariate statistical analysis, significant yet complex relationships between these variables have been identified. While the EKC hypothesis often posits a U-shaped or N-shaped relationship, the findings of this research indicate that the actual relationship can vary depending on factors such as foreign trade, energy consumption, and econometric methodologies. Numerous studies emphasise the importance of integrating renewable energy into these models. Overall, the results suggest that the EKC may be insufficient to fully comprehend the intricacies of sector-specific environmental-economic dynamics within the EU.

Suggested Citation

  • Suproń Błażej, 2025. "Environmental pollution and economic growth in the European Union countries: A systematic literature review," Economics and Business Review, Sciendo, vol. 11(1), pages 7-30.
    • Handle: RePEc:vrs:ecobur:v:11:y:2025:i:1:p:7-30:n:1002
    DOI: 10.18559/ebr.2025.1.1777
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    environment; Kuznets curve; economic growth; European Union; CO2; energy; systematic review;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C1 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General
    • C55 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric Modeling - - - Large Data Sets: Modeling and Analysis
    • O44 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity - - - Environment and Growth
    • Q56 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental Accounts and Accounting; Environmental Equity; Population Growth

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