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Tracking Criminal Actions on Drug Consumption on Campus with Wastewater-Based

Author

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  • Aan Asphianto

    (Faculty of Law, University of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, Indonesia)

Abstract

Wastewater based epidemiology is applied to estimate the crime of narcotics consumption, twelve narcotics on campus. Seven consecutive 24-hour composite raw wastewater samples (n=10) were obtained once a month from sampling locations that captured > 95% of campus wastewater. The samples were analyzed for indicators of consumption of morphine, codeine, oxycodone, heroin, fentanyl, methadone, buprenorphine, amphetamines, methylphenidate, alprazolam, cocaine, and MDMA using LC-MS/MS. Eleven indicator compounds (oxycodone, codeine, norcodeine, 6-acetylmorphine, EDDP, amphetamine, alprazolam, alpha hydroxyalprazolam, cocaine, benzoylecgonine, and MDMA) occurred at a detection frequency of 100% across studies, followed by morphine-3-glucuronide (98%), noroxycodone (95%), methylphenidate (90%), heroin (7%), norfentanyl (7%), and fentanyl (5%). Estimates of average drug consumption are classified as follows in mg/day/1000 persons: heroin (474 +/- 32), cocaine (551 +/- 49), amphetamines (256 +/- 12), methylphenidate (236 +/- 28), methadone (72 +/- 8), oxycodone (80 +/- 6), alprazolam (60 v 2), MDMA (88 +/- 35), codeine (50 +/- 4), and morphine (18 +/- 3). This study of criminal acts against narcotics trafficking in campus resulted in basic data on 12 narcotics for campus and demonstrated for the first time the feasibility of detecting metabolites.

Suggested Citation

  • Aan Asphianto, 2021. "Tracking Criminal Actions on Drug Consumption on Campus with Wastewater-Based," Eximia Journal, Plus Communication Consulting SRL, vol. 2(1), pages 63-71, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:tec:eximia:v:2:y:2021:i:1:p:63-71
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Trevor W. Robbins & Barry J. Everitt, 1999. "Drug addiction: bad habits add up," Nature, Nature, vol. 398(6728), pages 567-570, April.
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Crime; Narcotics Consumption; Wastewater-based Epidemiology;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • R00 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - General - - - General
    • Z0 - Other Special Topics - - General

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