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Unequal age-based household carbon footprint in China

Author

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  • ZhongXiang Zhang
  • Yalei Cui
  • Zengkai Zhang

Abstract

Controlling household consumption is an essential means to achieve carbon neutrality in China, and population ageing has an important impact on its structure. Since older people exhibit different consumption patterns than younger people, an increase in the proportion of aged people affects overall consumption patterns. This paper adopts an input–output model to reflect the heterogeneity in the consumption structure and household carbon footprint of different age groups, followed by a simulation of the future household carbon footprint. The results find that in China, the total household carbon footprint shows an inverted U-shape with age, with the lowest total carbon footprint coming from aged households (age of household head 65 and above) and the highest total carbon footprint from middle-aged households (age of household head 45–54). The average household carbon footprint decreases with age, with aged households remaining the lowest. Aged households, however, have the highest share of the direct carbon footprint. Interestingly, urban households of all ages have a higher carbon footprint than rural households, with the largest difference being among aged households. The projection results show that based on demographic changes, although the average household carbon footprint of elderly households in China is low, as the number of elderly households increases, the total carbon footprint of elderly households will be sizable and need to be taken seriously. Key policy insightsThe total carbon footprint of elderly households will become more significant and sizable as the number of elderly households increases.Urban life is more carbon-intensive, and China’s urbanization is leading to an increase in the carbon footprint.Aged households require more attention in future climate policies.Targeted, consumption-based climate policies are necessary for carbon reduction in China and will have relevance in other countries with similar consumption structure and demographic trends, e.g. with ageing or rapidly urbanizing populations.

Suggested Citation

  • ZhongXiang Zhang & Yalei Cui & Zengkai Zhang, 2023. "Unequal age-based household carbon footprint in China," Climate Policy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 23(5), pages 577-592, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:tcpoxx:v:23:y:2023:i:5:p:577-592
    DOI: 10.1080/14693062.2022.2132200
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Wang, Yafei & Wu, Siyang & Xu, Lixiao, 2025. "Global carbon emission implications of China’s demographic ageing," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 767-781.
    2. Yang, Kaitong & Wu, Jun & Li, Ling & Mi, Zhifu & Yang, Junai & Tang, Ling, 2025. "Impact of household size and structure on carbon emissions in China," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 9-19.
    3. Yuzhuo Huang & Xiang Li & Xiaoqin Guo, 2025. "Unequal Paths to Decarbonization in an Aging Society: A Multi-Scale Assessment of Japan’s Household Carbon Footprints," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(12), pages 1-28, June.
    4. Zengkai Zhang & Chuanzeng Zheng & Zhenyu Xiao & Kunfu Zhu, 2025. "Occupational carbon footprints and exposure to climate transition risks," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 16(1), pages 1-10, December.
    5. Tian, Peipei & Ma, Haoyu & Zhang, Zeyi & Yu, Yang & Li, Dan, 2025. "China's current carbon inequality is predominantly determined by capital disparity," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 230(C).

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