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A Structural Equation Model of Female Empowerment

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  • Paola Ballon

Abstract

This paper proposes a structural equation model to measure and explain female empowerment in Cambodia. Empowerment is defined as the decision-making ability of a woman regarding her strategic and non-strategic life choices. Grounded in the Capability Approach and in the gender economics literature this conceptualisation accounts for three key elements: resources, values/traditions, and decision-outcomes. These elements interact into a system of structural equations where a latent variable is specified to measure empowerment; decision-outcomes enter as partial metrics of empowerment; and resources, and values/traditions are modelled as exogenous factors. Stochastic dominance analysis is used to compare the empowerment status of women across life choices.

Suggested Citation

  • Paola Ballon, 2018. "A Structural Equation Model of Female Empowerment," Journal of Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 54(8), pages 1303-1320, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:jdevst:v:54:y:2018:i:8:p:1303-1320
    DOI: 10.1080/00220388.2017.1414189
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    Cited by:

    1. Veeshan Rayamajhee & Alok K. Bohara, 2021. "Social capital, trust, and collective action in post-earthquake Nepal," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 105(2), pages 1491-1519, January.
    2. Micaela Salcedo & Patricia Ruiz-Bravo & Nicolas Barrantes & Jhonatan Clausen, 2025. "Measuring Multidimensional Women’s Empowerment With Data From Partnered Women Across 45 Low- And Middle-Income Countries," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 176(3), pages 1093-1119, February.
    3. Abreha, Solomon K. & Walelign, Solomon Z. & Zereyesus, Yacob A., 2020. "Associations between Women’s Empowerment and Child Health Status in Ethiopia," 2020 Annual Meeting, July 26-28, Kansas City, Missouri 304174, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
    4. Erin Lentz & Elizabeth Bageant & Sudha Narayanan, 2021. "Empowerment and nutrition in Niger: insights from the Women’s Empowerment in Nutrition grid," Food Security: The Science, Sociology and Economics of Food Production and Access to Food, Springer;The International Society for Plant Pathology, vol. 13(5), pages 1227-1244, October.
    5. Chris Heaton & Asma Kashif & Pundarik Mukhopadhaya, 2024. "Unconditional cash transfer programs and women’s empowerment: evidence from Pakistan," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 67(6), pages 2865-2892, December.
    6. Tanu Gupta & A. Ganesh Kumar, 2025. "Structural Equation Approach to Modeling Social Norms in Women’s Education: A Case Study of India," Journal of Quantitative Economics, Springer;The Indian Econometric Society (TIES), vol. 23(1), pages 59-83, March.
    7. Solomon Kibret Abreha & Solomon Zena Walelign & Yacob Abrehe Zereyesus, 2020. "Associations between women’s empowerment and children’s health status in Ethiopia," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(7), pages 1-24, July.

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