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Bots and baddies: supporting the integrity of online survey research in the face of a growing challenge

Author

Listed:
  • Elizabeth Hitches

    (University of Queensland)

  • Dean Dudley

    (Macquarie University)

  • Melissa Johnstone

    (University of Queensland)

  • Stuart Woodcock

    (University of Queensland
    Griffith University)

Abstract

Numerous online surveys are impacted by bot and fraudulent data and the techniques employed are becoming increasingly sophisticated. However, many researchers are unaware of this growing challenge and may not be taking adequate measures to identify and remove this fake data, contaminating their findings. This paper describes the measures taken for two different surveys, one of which received a significantly higher rate of bot and fraudulent activity than the other, despite both having similar distribution pathways. One survey (n = 628 responses) contained 26 automatically identified red flags via Qualtrics™ and 10 manually identified red flags across the responses. The other survey (n = 690 responses) contained 263 automatically identified red flags via Qualtrics™ and 407 manually identified red flags across the responses. It stresses the need for both a “macro-view” or “birds-eye-view” to explore patterns and clusters across the dataset and a “micro-view” to examine the content of individual responses, looking for either single strong red flags of fraud or cumulative flags of suspicion. The time taken to do this illustrates the increased burden on researchers when one online survey receives high volumes of fake respondents. With bots and baddies increasing the chances of making a Type I or Type II error in quantitative research and infiltrating qualitative research with data which are not the authentic voices, perspectives, and lived experiences of participants, it is imperative that awareness is raised across the research community and steps are taken to safeguard the integrity of online survey research.

Suggested Citation

  • Elizabeth Hitches & Dean Dudley & Melissa Johnstone & Stuart Woodcock, 2025. "Bots and baddies: supporting the integrity of online survey research in the face of a growing challenge," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 59(2), pages 1481-1506, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:qualqt:v:59:y:2025:i:2:d:10.1007_s11135-024-02001-w
    DOI: 10.1007/s11135-024-02001-w
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Mark Anthony Camilleri & Ciro Troise, 2023. "Live support by chatbots with artificial intelligence: A future research agenda," Service Business, Springer;Pan-Pacific Business Association, vol. 17(1), pages 61-80, March.
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