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Income and expenditure inequalities among the households of Bihar

Author

Listed:
  • Rakesh Kumar

    (Motilal Nehru College, University of Delhi)

  • Ajad Singh

    (Motilal Nehru College, University of Delhi)

  • Amit Girdharwal

    (Shri Ram College of Commerce, University of Delhi)

Abstract

This paper explores disparities in household income and consumption levels in Bihar, drawing on data from the 2023–24 Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) for Bihar, which includes information from 4544 households. The dataset offers insights into demographic and regional attributes, including caste, location, and religious affiliation. The analysis reveals substantial inequality in both earnings and spending across different social and geographic segments. The distribution of inequality within these groups is skewed towards the higher end of the spectrum. To quantify inequality, the study employed statistical tools such as the Gini coefficient, Kernel Density (KD) curves, and generalized entropy indices. The regression results also confirms that all variables, with the exception of religion Islam and social group ST, play a statistically significant role in shaping household average per capita expenditure patterns.

Suggested Citation

  • Rakesh Kumar & Ajad Singh & Amit Girdharwal, 2025. "Income and expenditure inequalities among the households of Bihar," Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences, Springer, vol. 18(1), pages 1-14, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:lsprsc:v:18:y:2025:i:1:d:10.1007_s12076-025-00423-0
    DOI: 10.1007/s12076-025-00423-0
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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • D31 - Microeconomics - - Distribution - - - Personal Income and Wealth Distribution
    • D63 - Microeconomics - - Welfare Economics - - - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
    • C14 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General - - - Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods: General
    • C21 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models
    • C51 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric Modeling - - - Model Construction and Estimation
    • R23 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - Household Analysis - - - Regional Migration; Regional Labor Markets; Population
    • R - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics
    • O15 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Economic Development: Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration

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