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Tied by Vows, Bound by Norms: The Effect of Marriage on Female Labour Force Participation Rate in India

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  • Simran Jain

    (Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS))

  • Balakrushna Padhi

    (Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS))

  • Krishna Muniyoor

    (Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS))

Abstract

Female labour force participation is often linked to the enhancement of economic opportunities and greater influence in household decision-making. This study examines the impact of marriage on female labour force participation rates (LFPRs) in India from 2004–05 to 2022–23 using the NSSO EUS-PLFS datasets and employs an IV-probit model for estimating its various determinants. The estimates indicate that the female LFPR in India has exhibited a prolonged period of sluggishness with a mild surge in recent periods. The empirical findings indicate that in India, there is a discernible pattern wherein women exhibit a propensity to disengage from the workforce after entering into marriage. The phenomenon suggests that the increasing prevalence of women taking on household chores and other responsibilities creates additional barriers for married women. The IV-probit estimates indicate a noteworthy influence of marriage on the diminishing female labour participation in India. This calls for integrated policy initiatives that ensure flexible work environments for married females that reduce their burden of unpaid domestic work along with adequate skill training programmes that enhance their employment opportunities.

Suggested Citation

  • Simran Jain & Balakrushna Padhi & Krishna Muniyoor, 2025. "Tied by Vows, Bound by Norms: The Effect of Marriage on Female Labour Force Participation Rate in India," The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, Springer;The Indian Society of Labour Economics (ISLE), vol. 68(3), pages 905-936, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:ijlaec:v:68:y:2025:i:3:d:10.1007_s41027-025-00580-2
    DOI: 10.1007/s41027-025-00580-2
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    JEL classification:

    • J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
    • J21 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure
    • J22 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Time Allocation and Labor Supply
    • J71 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Labor Discrimination - - - Hiring and Firing

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