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Ecological risk assessment and identification of sources of heavy metals contamination in sewage sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants in the Metropolitan Area of Lima-Callao, Peru

Author

Listed:
  • José Abel Espinoza-Guillen

    (Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina)

  • Marleni Beatriz Alderete-Malpartida

    (Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina)

  • Rosa Luz Gallegos-Huamán

    (Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina)

  • Yessica Mercedes Paz-Rosales

    (Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería)

  • Renzo Mauricio Domínguez-Vivar

    (Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina)

  • Cinthia Bujaico-León

    (Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina)

Abstract

Municipal sewage sludge is the major by-product generated in the wastewater treatment process with reuse potential, but the presence of heavy metals (HMs) can be a limiting factor, which is why more detailed studies on their potential risks to the environment are necessary. In this research, the concentrations of eight HMs in sewage sludge for agricultural purposes from 11 municipal wastewater treatment plants of the Metropolitan Area of Lima-Callao were evaluated, during the years 2015, 2017 and 2020. In order to determine pollution levels, ecological risk, risk to human health and identify the main sources of contamination, the geoaccumulation index, the potential ecological risk index, the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk index, and multivariate statistical techniques (correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA)) were applied. The results showed high levels of pollution by Cu and Zn, and low levels of As. Likewise, a moderate to very high ecological risk was recorded, with Cd and Cu being the ones with the highest potential of ecological risk, restraining the use of sewage sludge for agriculture. Considering the economic activities present in the study area, the PCA and the HCA revealed that contamination by HMs derived mainly from industrial, commercial, and domestic activities; however, service activities also contributed to the concentrations of HMs. Finally, the study identified Cd and Cu as the metals of greatest concern.

Suggested Citation

  • José Abel Espinoza-Guillen & Marleni Beatriz Alderete-Malpartida & Rosa Luz Gallegos-Huamán & Yessica Mercedes Paz-Rosales & Renzo Mauricio Domínguez-Vivar & Cinthia Bujaico-León, 2024. "Ecological risk assessment and identification of sources of heavy metals contamination in sewage sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants in the Metropolitan Area of Lima-Callao, Peru," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 26(1), pages 1559-1590, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:endesu:v:26:y:2024:i:1:d:10.1007_s10668-022-02774-w
    DOI: 10.1007/s10668-022-02774-w
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Eunice Iloms & Olusola O. Ololade & Henry J. O. Ogola & Ramganesh Selvarajan, 2020. "Investigating Industrial Effluent Impact on Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant in Vaal, South Africa," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-18, February.
    2. Kudakwashe K. Shamuyarira & Jabulani R. Gumbo, 2014. "Assessment of Heavy Metals in Municipal Sewage Sludge: A Case Study of Limpopo Province, South Africa," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-11, March.
    3. Baoling Duan & Wuping Zhang & Haixia Zheng & Chunyan Wu & Qiang Zhang & Yushan Bu, 2017. "Disposal Situation of Sewage Sludge from Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) and Assessment of the Ecological Risk of Heavy Metals for Its Land Use in Shanxi, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-12, July.
    4. Baoling Duan & Qiang Feng, 2022. "Risk Assessment and Potential Analysis of the Agricultural Use of Sewage Sludge in Central Shanxi Province," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(7), pages 1-12, April.
    5. Baoling Duan & Fenwu Liu & Wuping Zhang & Haixia Zheng & Qiang Zhang & Xiaomei Li & Yushan Bu, 2015. "Evaluation and Source Apportionment of Heavy Metals (HMs) in Sewage Sludge of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) in Shanxi, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-12, December.
    6. Baoling Duan & Wuping Zhang & Haixia Zheng & Chunyan Wu & Qiang Zhang & Yushan Bu, 2017. "Comparison of Health Risk Assessments of Heavy Metals and As in Sewage Sludge from Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) for Adults and Children in the Urban District of Taiyuan, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-14, October.
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