The Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Use of Digital Technologies by Scientists: A Comparison Between Poland and Abroad (Wplyw pandemii COVID-19 na uzycie technologii cyfrowych przez naukowcow: Porownanie Polski z zagranica)

Purpose: Our research was performed to identify differences in the frequency of using digital technologies by scientists to support their research in the periods before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Design/methodology/approach: A survey questionnaire was used and data were collected from 467 scientists from Poland and abroad, which were statistically analyzed. The non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test was applied to reveal the differences in the frequency of digital technologies use between scientists in Poland and abroad in three periods (before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic). The non-parametric Friedman rank test and the post-hoc Conover test with Benjamini-Hochberg adjustment were used to assess the significant differences between three paired periods: before-during, before-after, and during-after the COVID-19 pandemic. For these periods, the association between the use of digital technologies and the types of research (basic or applied) conducted by scientists in Poland and abroad was also measured using Spearman’s rank correlation. Findings: Scientists from Poland and abroad differed in the use of all digital technologies before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. During the pandemic, the differences concerned only social media, owing to a similar increase in the use of both communication applications and e-learning platforms. The results demonstrated that there was a weak positive correlation between the use of all digital technologies and applied research by both groups of scientists for all paired periods. In Poland in particular, our research has confirmed a positive correlation between the use of communication applications and social media and basic research for two paired periods: before-during and during-after the pandemic. Research limitation/implications: The limitations of this study were primarily related to the sample size, which did not allow the results to be generalized to the entire population. Another limitation was that all scientists from outside Poland were assigned to one group, without division into countries or regions of the world. This, however, enabled the research scope to be narrowed and resulted in stressing the differences between Poland and the rest of the world. A further limitation that may affect the research results is the adopted 5-point Likert scale, which determines the possibility of making an analysis. Originality/value: This research contributes to knowledge about the adaptation of scientists in Poland and abroad to new conditions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic regarding the frequency of digital technology use in basic and applied research. The significant differences found in the frequency of digital technology use between the three paired periods (before-during, before-after, and during-after the pandemic) have the potential to encourage research into their permanence.