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The Reporting of Military Expenditures

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  • Michael Brzoska

    (Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg)

Abstract

Strong assumptions about the military sector are often made from weak data. This is as true for military expenditure data as for other data series. This judgement holds true despite the number of well known and highly reputed institutions putting out military expenditure data. These institutions must either rely totally on figures released by national governments or on information by secret services which cannot be controlled. Besides the problems associated with data origins (definitions of military expenditures, bad reporting by governments), there are problems associated with data preparation. Different sources on military expend iture utilize different modes of data preparation. Rearrangements in time, inflation correction and conversion into a common currency increase the uncertainties about data on military expenditures. The problem revolves around purposes of the data services.Two primary issues for interest in military expenditure data include military strength and opportunity costs. The second issue should be singled out; there are large conceptual dif ficulties with the former. However, some sources frequently confuse the issues. The inter national comparability of military expenditure data is severely limited when common exchange rates are used. This should suggest extreme care for researchers who use military expenditure data taken from what is generally viewed as authoritative sources.

Suggested Citation

  • Michael Brzoska, 1981. "The Reporting of Military Expenditures," Journal of Peace Research, Peace Research Institute Oslo, vol. 18(3), pages 261-275, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:joupea:v:18:y:1981:i:3:p:261-275
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    Cited by:

    1. Uk Heo, 1998. "Modeling the Defense-Growth Relationship around the Globe," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 42(5), pages 637-657, October.
    2. Peter E. Robertson, 2019. "International Comparisons of Real Military Purchasing Power: A Global Database," Economics Discussion / Working Papers 19-13, The University of Western Australia, Department of Economics.
    3. Alex Mintz & Randolph T. Stevenson, 1995. "Defense Expenditures, Economic Growth, and The “Peace Dividendâ€," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 39(2), pages 283-305, June.
    4. Charles H. Anderton, 1989. "Arms Race Modeling," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 33(2), pages 346-367, June.
    5. McDonald Bruce D & Eger Robert J, 2010. "The Defense-Growth Relationship: An Economic Investigation into Post-Soviet States," Peace Economics, Peace Science, and Public Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 16(1), pages 1-28, September.
    6. Onur Ozsoy, 2002. "Budgetary Trade-Offs Between Defense, Education and Health Expenditures: The Case of Turkey," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 13(2), pages 129-136.
    7. Olaf J. de Groot, 2012. "Analyzing the costs of military engagement," Economics of Peace and Security Journal, EPS Publishing, vol. 7(2), pages 41-49, July.
    8. Peter E. Robertson, 2022. "The Real Military Balance: International Comparisons of Defense Spending," Review of Income and Wealth, International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, vol. 68(3), pages 797-818, September.
    9. Tilman Brück & Olaf J de Groot & Friedrich Schneider, 2011. "The economic costs of the German participation in the Afghanistan war," Journal of Peace Research, Peace Research Institute Oslo, vol. 48(6), pages 793-805, November.
    10. Saadet Deger & Ron Smith, 1983. "Military Expenditure and Growth in Less Developed Countries," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 27(2), pages 335-353, June.
    11. Latif Wahid, 2009. "Military Expenditure and Economic Growth in the Middle East," Palgrave Macmillan Books, Palgrave Macmillan, number 978-0-230-25076-5, December.

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