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Why Do Leaders Build Walls? Domestic Politics, Leader Survival, and The Fortification of Borders

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  • Christopher Linebarger
  • Alex Braithwaite

Abstract

States around the world are fortifying their international borders at unprecedented rates. While only seven states had fortified their borders with walls or fences as of the end of World War Two, this number has now grown to more than 75. Why do states build walls on their international borders? While states may build walls to ameliorate the consequences of cross-border economic inequalities and to defend against transnational security threats, we suggest that another compelling logic stems from domestic politics and leaders’ desire to remain in office. Building on assumptions furnished by diversionary theory, we argue that national political leaders at risk of losing office are incentivized to implement popular policies, such as border wall construction, hoping that doing so will prompt a domestic rally effect. To test this argument, we assemble a global dataset of leader-years and find that politically insecure leaders are more likely to be seen to start and continue border wall construction.

Suggested Citation

  • Christopher Linebarger & Alex Braithwaite, 2022. "Why Do Leaders Build Walls? Domestic Politics, Leader Survival, and The Fortification of Borders," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 66(4-5), pages 704-728, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:jocore:v:66:y:2022:i:4-5:p:704-728
    DOI: 10.1177/00220027211066615
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Susan M. Jellissen & Fred M. Gottheil, 2013. "On the utility of security fences along international borders," Defense & Security Analysis, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 29(4), pages 266-279, December.
    2. Wayne A. Cornelius & Idean Salehyan, 2007. "Does border enforcement deter unauthorized immigration? The case of Mexican migration to the United States of America," Regulation & Governance, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 1(2), pages 139-153, June.
    3. Carter, David B. & Poast, Paul, 2020. "Barriers to Trade: How Border Walls Affect Trade Relations," International Organization, Cambridge University Press, vol. 74(1), pages 165-185, January.
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