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Clinical and Socio-Demographic Variables Associated With Long COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study

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  • Zohreh Mahmoodi
  • Giti Bahrami
  • Ehsan Shahrestanaki
  • Hamed Seddighi
  • Nooshin Ghavidel

Abstract

Considering the importance of long COVID-19 (LC), this study aimed to investigate the relationship between clinical/sociodemographic factors and LC symptoms (LCS). This online cross-sectional study was conducted on 308 people infected with COVID-19 in Alborz, Iran, from April 1 to June 1, 2022. Multivariable logistic regression models were applied to measure the association between the LCS with other variables. Overall, 76.6% of participants had at least one LCS. Results from the multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that females (crude odds ratio [OR] [95% confidence interval (CI)]: 2.725 [1.42, 5.22]), educated persons (3.747 [1.58, 8.84]), people with a higher number of COVID-19 reinfection (2.280 [1.30, 3.97]), having an underlying disease (1.996 [1.01, 3.93]), and COVID-19 severity (3.321 [1.037, 10.635]) had higher odds of LC than others (all p  

Suggested Citation

  • Zohreh Mahmoodi & Giti Bahrami & Ehsan Shahrestanaki & Hamed Seddighi & Nooshin Ghavidel, 2023. "Clinical and Socio-Demographic Variables Associated With Long COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study," Clinical Nursing Research, , vol. 32(6), pages 947-953, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:clnure:v:32:y:2023:i:6:p:947-953
    DOI: 10.1177/10547738231177395
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Clouston, Sean A.P. & Natale, Ginny & Link, Bruce G., 2021. "Socioeconomic inequalities in the spread of coronavirus-19 in the United States: A examination of the emergence of social inequalities," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 268(C).
    2. Ellen J. Thompson & Dylan M. Williams & Alex J. Walker & Ruth E. Mitchell & Claire L. Niedzwiedz & Tiffany C. Yang & Charlotte F. Huggins & Alex S. F. Kwong & Richard J. Silverwood & Giorgio Di Gessa , 2022. "Long COVID burden and risk factors in 10 UK longitudinal studies and electronic health records," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-11, December.
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