Information and communication technology is supporting people to refine knowledge as a safe balance of artificial and human intelligence could leverage the search for the right tracks of World evolution -Part 2-

The paper analysis is oriented to the role of ICT/AI for knowledge refining (KR) in the context of World actual uncertainties and crises, where AI-HI teaming would become essential for facing unprecedented fast challenges of the complex Earth ecosystem, by keeping a safe balance of AI with HI. AI is getting more and more involved in industry and our lives, while questions about how much can we trust on this way are also spreading, but such impressions should be documented by deeper analyses and we recall that KR, considering all Earth ecosystem context and challenges, is the right way to proceed. The high speed of ICT advances, a positive factor of progress, is, in the same time, a source of uncertainty and risks, because it could be lacking just the necessary, but dynamic, time of refining the knowledge on the holistic consequences at planetary scale the technical progress would have made on Earth ecosystem and human life/evolution, against the natural pace of adapting to changes. The too short time for analyses, regulations and decisions could surpass HI, while AI seems to take over the control in the Information Society (IS) on the way towards the Knowledge Based Society (KBS). The increasing complexity of ICT and the necessity of World sustainable progress, under the new crises and uncertainties, are opposite challenges for finding optimal solutions, because of the diversity, complicate interdependences and dynamic of factors to be considered, even using the powerful support of ICT/AI and the increasing education/creativity/potential of HI. Reasons of considering the above-mentioned factors and the necessity of trust and safe features for AI development and use could be also seen in the recent Paris AI Action Summit 2025, a milestone in the ICT/AI and World sustainable progress evolutions, as we analysed from [1]. A step forward from cooperation, on AI advance, is to improve the organizations/companies’ strategies, as we have analysed by the next relevant example of AI development [2], recalling that one of the prominent challenges which make difficile to further improve ICT/AI performances is just the incredible high level already reached in their amazing evolution. This difficulty is in fact the superposition of many factors which influence the final necessary computing power for new advances of AI. As the economy/industry development and innovation are crucial for the mentioned sustainable progress, we have analysed some concrete issues of AI leveraging impact on software engineering from [4], resulting that AI could strongly contribute to improvements not only in the life cycle of production, but also in the HI/AI balance, by saving time for human creative side, based on KR. Recalling that mitigating risks and increasing trust are important for AI development, designing AI for applications with security intrinsic features is worth to be studied and relevant ideas for cybersecurity have been revealed from analysing [5]. Here we point the subtle trend of AI/ICT development to innovate self-healing methods, even by returning on spiral higher levels. Next, we could use advanced AI to mitigate the cyberattacks on infrastructures which already use some kind of AI, as ML. This way, we meet the known issue of arm versus counter-arm, which we already approached in the case of spread spectrum systems (SSS), as a vicious or spiral evolution. As we recently presented, the SSS technology was among the first examples of introducing AI in communications, just with the aim to combat electronic attacks. We conclude that this field is also a factor which must drives AI on its long and winding road, in the direction of safe balance of AI/HI and needs timely KR that preserves the fundamental humankind values and Earth ecosystem sustainable progress.