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Les dimensions de l'organisation du travail

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  • Michel Gollac

Abstract

[fre] Dans l'organisation du travail, les cadres et professions intermédiaires s'opposent aux exécutants, ouvriers et employés, par le pouvoir qu'ils exercent sur leur propre travail et sur celui des autres, mais aussi par leur réseau de communications. Celles-ci sont plus variées, plus riches et de plus longue portée pour les cadres que pour les exécutants. Les cadres disposent aussi de plus d'autonomie et peuvent faire preuve de plus d'initiatives. Ils exercent souvent un pouvoir hiérarchique, et influencent le travail de salariés qui ne sont pas leurs subordonnés. . Un clivage important est celui qui oppose le travail de type industriel, plus formalisé, et le travail de type artisanal, pour lequel les contraintes, si elles ne sont pas . tes, se présentent sous un autre aspect. Ainsi les communications sont plutôt orientées vers l'extérieur de l'entreprise dans le travail artisanal, vers l'intérieur dans le travail industriel. Le travail plus individualisé de l'organisation artisanale tend à disparaître dans l'organisation formalisée, mais une appropriation collective par les salariés de l'entreprise apparaît à sa place. L'opposition entre travail de type artisanal et travail de type industriel est aussi pertinente pour les employés que pour les ouvriers. Ainsi, le travail des policiers, des employés des PTT ou des transports est organisé de façon formalisée ; celui des secrétaires, des vendeurs ou des personnels de service a tous les traits d'un travail artisanal. [spa] Las dimensiones de la organization del trabajo. Commnicaciones, autonomía, poder jerárquico - En la organización del trabajo, los ejecutivos y los intégrantes de las profesiones intermedias, se oponen a los ejecutantes, obreros y empleados por el poder que ejercen sobre su propio trabajo y sobre el de los otros y tanbién port la red de comunicaciones de la que disponen. Estas son más variadas, más ricas y de mayor alcance para los ejecutivos que para los ejecutantes. Los ejecutivos disponen también de mayor autonomía y pueden dar pruebas de gran número de inciciativas. Con frecuencia, ejercen un poder jerárquico e influencian el trabajo de los asalariados que no sus subordinados. . Una oposición importante es la que existe entre el trabajo de tipo industrial, más formalizado, y el trabajo de tipo artesanal para el cual las obligaciones, si bien no son inexistentes, se presentan bajo otro aspecto. De este modo, las comunicaciones se hallan más bien orientadas hacia el interior en el trabajo industrial. La singularidad del trabajo que permite al trabajador apropiárselo tiende a desaparecer en la organización formalizada, pero una apropiación colectiva por los asalariados de la empresa surge para ocupar su lugar. . La oposición entre trabajo de tipo artesanal y trabajo de tipo industrial es tan pertinente para los empleados como para los obreros. Es así como el trabajo de los agentes de policía, de los empleados de correos y telecomunicaciones o de transportes se organiza de manera formalizada; el de las secretarias, de los vendedores o del personal de servicio tiene todos los rasgos de un trabajo de tipo artesanal. [eng] The various dimensions of the organization of work. Communications, autonomy and hierarchical power - In the organization of work, executives and middle- ranking employees can be distinguished from those who carry out orders, the workers and clerks, both by the control they have over their own work as well as that of others, and also by the communication networks they have at their disposal. The latter are more varied, more sophisticated and have a wider range for executives than for the people under them. Executives also have more autonomy and can show more initiative. They often have hierarchical power and can influence the work of wage- earners who are not directly under them. . There is an important difference between industrial work, which is more formalized, and self-employed work in which constraints, if there are any, take a different aspect. . Thus, in self-employed work, communications tend to be more directed towards people outside of the firm, whereas in industrial work communications tend to be directed within the firm. The specific definition of one's work, which enables a worker to make his own decisions as to how tasks should be performed, tends to disappear in a formalize organization, but is replaced by a collective definition made by the workers of the firm. The opposition between self-employed work and industrial work applies to clerks as much as it does to manual workers. Thus, the work of policemen, post and telecommunications clerks and transport employees is organized in a formal way, whereas, the work of secreataries, salesmen or employees in the service sector has all the features of self-employed work.

Suggested Citation

  • Michel Gollac, 1989. "Les dimensions de l'organisation du travail," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 224(1), pages 27-44.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_1989_num_224_1_5353
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.1989.5353
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.1989.5353
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    Cited by:

    1. Michel Gollac, 1989. "L'ordinateur dans l'entreprise reste un outil de luxe," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 224(1), pages 17-25.
    2. Nathalie Greenan & Jacques Mairesse, 1999. "Organizational Change in French Manufacturing: What Do We Learn From Firm Representatives and From Their Employees?," NBER Working Papers 7285, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    3. Nathalie Greenan, 1994. "L'organisation du travail dans les PMI se distingue-t-elle de celle des grandes entreprises ?," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 271(1), pages 87-103.
    4. Christian Baudelot & Michel Gollac, 1993. "Salaires et conditions de travail," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 265(1), pages 65-84.
    5. Nathalie Greenan & Dominique Guellec, 1994. "Organisation du travail, technologie et performances : une étude empirique," Économie et Prévision, Programme National Persée, vol. 113(2), pages 39-56.
    6. Laurent Bisault & Vincent Destival & Dominique Goux, 1994. "Emploi et chômage des "non-qualifiés" en France," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 273(1), pages 17-27.

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