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Costs of inpatient care and out-of-pocket payments for COVID-19 patients: A systematic review

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  • Kamal Gholipour
  • Sama Behpaie
  • Shabnam Iezadi
  • Akbar Ghiasi
  • Jafar Sadegh Tabrizi

Abstract

Objective: To identify the costs of hospital care for patients with COVID-19 and the amount of out-of-pocket payments. Methods: We conducted a systematic review using Scopus and WEB OF SCIENCE and PubMed databases in April 5, 2022 and then updated in January 15, 2023. English articles with no publication year restrictions were included with study designs of cost-of-illness (COI) studies, cost analyses, and observational reports (cross-sectional studies and prospective and retrospective cohorts) that calculated the patient-level cost of care for COVID-19. Costs are reported in USD with purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion in 2020. The PROSPERO registration number is CRD42022334337. Results: The results showed that the highest total cost of hospitalization in intensive care per patient was 100789 USD, which was reported in Germany, and the lowest cost was 5436.77 USD, which was reported in Romania. In the present study, in the special care department, the highest percentage of total expenses is related to treatment expenses (42.23 percent), while in the inpatient department, the highest percentage of total expenses is related to the costs of hospital beds/day of routine services (39.07 percent). The highest percentage of out-of-pocket payments was 30.65 percent, reported in China, and the lowest percentage of out-of-pocket payments was 1.12 percent, reported in Iran. The highest indirect cost per hospitalization was 16049 USD, reported in USA, and the lowest was 449.07 USD, reported in India. Conclusion: The results show that the COVID-19 disease imposed a high cost of hospitalization, mainly the cost of hospital beds/day of routine services. Studies have used different methods for calculating the costs, and this has negatively impacted the comparability costs across studies. Therefore, it would be beneficial for researchers to use a similar cost calculation model to increase the compatibility of different studies.

Suggested Citation

  • Kamal Gholipour & Sama Behpaie & Shabnam Iezadi & Akbar Ghiasi & Jafar Sadegh Tabrizi, 2023. "Costs of inpatient care and out-of-pocket payments for COVID-19 patients: A systematic review," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 18(9), pages 1-18, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0283651
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283651
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Shabnam Iezadi & Kamal Gholipour & Saber Azami-Aghdash & Akbar Ghiasi & Aziz Rezapour & Hamid Pourasghari & Fariba Pashazadeh, 2021. "Effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical public health interventions against COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 16(11), pages 1-19, November.
    2. Semagn Mekonnen Abate & Siraj Ahmed Ali & Bahiru Mantfardo & Bivash Basu, 2020. "Rate of Intensive Care Unit admission and outcomes among patients with coronavirus: A systematic review and Meta-analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(7), pages 1-19, July.
    3. César Ramos Rocha-Filho & Johnny Wallef Leite Martins & Rosa Camila Lucchetta & Gabriel Sodré Ramalho & Giulia Fernandes Moça Trevisani & Aline Pereira da Rocha & Ana Carolina Pereira Nunes Pinto & Fe, 2022. "Hospitalization costs of coronaviruses diseases in upper-middle-income countries: A systematic review," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 17(3), pages 1-13, March.
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