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Separate Exchange Markets for Capital and Current Transactions (Marchés des changes distincts pour les opérations sur capital et les opérations courantes) (Mercados cambiarios separados para las transacciones corrientes y de capital)

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  • Anthony Lanyi

    (International Monetary Fund)

Abstract

The essential feature of a dual exchange market system is a separate "financial exchange market" for capital transactions. However, its operation depends on the type of official intervention policy used on the financial exchange market. The case in favor of a dual exchange market system is shown to depend on the assumptions that a "neutral" intervention policy is being pursued and that such a policy can be effectively implemented. Recent European experience with dual exchange markets sheds some doubt as to whether a neutral intervention policy would be feasible. In practice, important links between the two markets appear to be inevitable. Moreover, the terms of payments for trade and nonresident balances used for current account transactions provide channels for speculation in the official exchange market. The authorities in European countries have not pursued neutral intervention policies, and they have found it necessary to resort to direct controls to stem large-scale speculative capital movements. With regard to balance of payments adjustment, a dual exchange market system makes it more difficult than it is under alternative systems to perceive the need for adjustment. It also exerts less of a pressure for adjustment than is exerted under a fixed exchange rate system. A dual exchange market does not necessarily involve lower administrative costs than quantitative restrictions over capital transactions, and the latter have practical advantages during exchange crises. Final judgment cannot be made as to the efficacy of dual exchange markets to stem heavy speculative pressures without a neutral intervention policy having been attempted in practice. /// La principale caractéristique d'un double marché des changes est l'existence d'un marché financier pour les opérations sur capital, dont le fonctionnement dépend du type de politique d'intervention officielle utilisée sur ce marché. Les arguments avancés en faveur d'un double système des changes reposent, montre l'auteur, sur l'hypothèse qu'une politique d'intervention "neutre" est poursuivie et qu'une telle politique peut être appliquée efficacement. Les récentes expériences européennes dans le domaine du double marché des changes font planer des doutes sur l'applicabilité d'une politique d'intervention neutre. Dans la pratique, d'importants liens entre les deux marchés semblent inévitables. En outre, les termes de paiement de commerce et les balances de non-résidents utilisés pour les transactions sur compte courant peuvent donner matière à spéculation sur le marché des changes officiel. Les autorités européennes n'ont pas poursuivi de politique d'intervention neutre et elles ont estimé nécessaire de recourir à des contrôles directs pour freiner les amples mouvements de capitaux spéculatifs. En ce qui concerne l'ajustement de la balance des paiements, un système de double marché des changes rend plus difficile de percevoir le besoin d'ajustement que si l'on utilise d'autres systèmes. Par ailleurs, la nécessité d'ajustement avec ce système se fait moins ressentir qu'avec un système de taux de change fixes. Un double marché des changes n'entraîne pas forcément des dépenses administratives plus basses que les restrictions quantitatives imposées sur les transactions en capital, ces dernières s'étant révélées pratiques pendant les crises de change. Il n'est pas possible de porter un jugement définitif sur l'efficacité du double marché des changes comme moyen d'atténuer de fortes pressions spéculatives sans l'application dans la pratique d'une politique d'intervention neutre. /// La característica esencial de un sistema de mercado cambiario dual es la de un "mercado cambiario financiero" separado para las transacciones de capital. Sin embargo, su funcionamiento depende de la clase de política de intervención oficial empleada en el mercado cambiario financiero. Se explica que el argumento a favor de un sistema de mercado cambiario dual depende del supuesto de que se persigue una política de intervención "neutral" y que dicha política puede llevarse a efecto eficazmente. La experiencia que se ha tenido recientemente en Europa con los mercados cambiarios duales despierta ciertas dudas en cuanto a si es factible llevar a cabo una política de intervención neutral. En la práctica, parece inevitable que existan importantes vínculos entre los dos mercados. Además, las condiciones de pago en operaciones comerciales y el uso de los saldos de no residentes en transacciones de cuenta corriente proporcionan medios de especulación en el mercado cambiario oficial. Las autoridades de los países europeos no han adoptado políticas de intervención neutral, y se han visto obligados a recurrir a controles directos para poner coto a los movimientos especulativos de capital llevados a cabo en gran escala. Con respecto al ajuste de balanza de pagos, un sistema de mercado cambiario dual dificulta aún más que otros sistemas alternativos la posibilidad de percibir la necesidad de ajuste. También ejerce menos presión para que se haga un ajuste que la que se deja sentir con un sistema de tipos de cambio fijos. Un mercado cambiario dual no supone necesariamente costos administrativos más bajos que los del sistema de restricciones cuantitativas y éste ofrece ventajas prácticas durante crisis cambiarias. No puede hacerse un juicio definitivo acerca de la eficacia que puedan tener los mercados cambiarios duales para contener las grandes presiones especulativas sin que se haya tratado de poner en práctica una política de intervención neutral.

Suggested Citation

  • Anthony Lanyi, 1975. "Separate Exchange Markets for Capital and Current Transactions (Marchés des changes distincts pour les opérations sur capital et les opérations courantes) (Mercados cambiarios separados para las tr," IMF Staff Papers, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 22(3), pages 714-749, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:pal:imfstp:v:22:y:1975:i:3:p:714-749
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    Cited by:

    1. Hee, Michael, 1990. "Conversion factors : a discussion of alternate rates and corresponding weights," Policy Research Working Paper Series 479, The World Bank.
    2. Mikesell, Raymond F., 2001. "Dual Exchange Markets for Countries Facing Financial Crises," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 29(6), pages 1035-1041, June.
    3. Robert Flood & Nancy Marion, 1989. "Risk Neutrality and the Two-Tier Foreign Exchange Market: Evidence from Belgium," NBER Working Papers 3015, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    4. Salvador Valdés, 1989. "Control de Cambios en Países en Desarrollo," Latin American Journal of Economics-formerly Cuadernos de Economía, Instituto de Economía. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile., vol. 26(77), pages 115-144.

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