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Observation of a bilayer superfluid with interlayer coherence

Author

Listed:
  • Erik Rydow

    (University of Oxford)

  • Vijay Pal Singh

    (Technology Innovation Institute)

  • Abel Beregi

    (University of Oxford)

  • En Chang

    (University of Oxford)

  • Ludwig Mathey

    (Universität Hamburg
    The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging)

  • Christopher J. Foot

    (University of Oxford)

  • Shinichi Sunami

    (University of Oxford)

Abstract

Controlling the coupling between different degrees of freedom in many-body systems is a powerful technique for engineering novel phases of matter. We create a bilayer system of two-dimensional (2D) ultracold Bose gases and demonstrate the controlled generation of bulk coherence through tunable interlayer Josephson coupling. We probe the resulting correlation properties of both phase modes of the bilayer system: the symmetric phase mode is studied via a noise-correlation method, while the antisymmetric phase fluctuations are directly captured by matter-wave interferometry. The measured correlation functions for both of these modes exhibit a crossover from short-range to quasi-long-range order above a coupling-dependent critical point, thus providing direct evidence of bilayer superfluidity mediated by interlayer coupling. We map out the phase diagram and interpret it with renormalization-group theory and Monte Carlo simulations. Additionally, we elucidate the underlying mechanism through the observation of suppressed vortex excitations in the antisymmetric mode.

Suggested Citation

  • Erik Rydow & Vijay Pal Singh & Abel Beregi & En Chang & Ludwig Mathey & Christopher J. Foot & Shinichi Sunami, 2025. "Observation of a bilayer superfluid with interlayer coherence," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 16(1), pages 1-9, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:16:y:2025:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-025-62277-w
    DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-62277-w
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Zengming Meng & Liangwei Wang & Wei Han & Fangde Liu & Kai Wen & Chao Gao & Pengjun Wang & Cheng Chin & Jing Zhang, 2023. "Atomic Bose–Einstein condensate in twisted-bilayer optical lattices," Nature, Nature, vol. 615(7951), pages 231-236, March.
    2. Zoran Hadzibabic & Peter Krüger & Marc Cheneau & Baptiste Battelier & Jean Dalibard, 2006. "Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless crossover in a trapped atomic gas," Nature, Nature, vol. 441(7097), pages 1118-1121, June.
    3. Marcell Gall & Nicola Wurz & Jens Samland & Chun Fai Chan & Michael Köhl, 2021. "Competing magnetic orders in a bilayer Hubbard model with ultracold atoms," Nature, Nature, vol. 589(7840), pages 40-43, January.
    4. Thomas Schweigler & Valentin Kasper & Sebastian Erne & Igor Mazets & Bernhard Rauer & Federica Cataldini & Tim Langen & Thomas Gasenzer & Jürgen Berges & Jörg Schmiedmayer, 2017. "Experimental characterization of a quantum many-body system via higher-order correlations," Nature, Nature, vol. 545(7654), pages 323-326, May.
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