Low-dimensional compact states in 3D moiré lattices

Moiré lattices formed by superimposing rotated two-dimensional (2D) periodic sublattices, such as twisted bilayer graphene, can exhibit fascinating properties not observed in their individual constituent layers. Despite extensive research on 2D moiré lattices, the physics of three-dimensional (3D) moiré lattices—formed by superimposing rotated 3D periodic sub-lattices with crystallographic symmetries, which exhibit unique 3D potentials determined by twisting angles—remains largely unexplored. In this work, we demonstrate that depending on the choice of rotation angles, moiré potentials composed of two cubic sub-lattices can exhibit three different phases: they can be fully 3D incommensurate, incommensurate in only one spatial direction (while remaining periodic in the orthogonal plane), or fully periodic. These incommensurate potentials, which can be created for condensates of non-interacting atoms using judiciously combined laser beams, are shown to support compact states of three distinct types: fully localized in space, confined to a line, or confined to a specific plane. Our findings establish a foundation for controlling wave localization in incommensurate 3D moiré systems, with potential applications in cold atom systems, optics, and beyond.