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Unraveling the mystery of recent shortened response time of ENSO to Atlantic forcing

Author

Listed:
  • Qi Tian

    (Beijing Normal University
    Beijing Normal University)

  • Jin-Yi Yu

    (University of California)

  • Hyacinth C. Nnamchi

    (GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel
    University of Nigeria)

  • Tim Li

    (University of Hawai’i at Manoa)

  • Jianping Li

    (Ocean University of China)

  • Xichen Li

    (Chinese Academy of Sciences)

  • Ruiqiang Ding

    (Beijing Normal University
    Beijing Normal University)

Abstract

The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is known to respond to tropical Atlantic (TA) sea surface temperature (SST) forcing. However, the response time of ENSO to the TA SST forcing is not stationary but varies over decades, the reasons for which remain poorly understood. Here we show that decadal changes in ENSO’s response time to TA SST forcing are primarily influenced by the south-north shift of the dominant mode of TA SST variability itself. Before the mid-1980s, the southward-shifted TA mode prolongs the response time to ~20 months through an eastward-propagating mid-latitude teleconnection. In contrast, when the TA mode shifts northward after the mid-1980s, the response time decreases to 6–9 months via a faster westward-propagating subtropical teleconnection. Our findings underscore the importance of considering the meridional shift of the TA mode when understanding the impacts of the TA SST variability on ENSO, which has profound implications for ENSO forecasting.

Suggested Citation

  • Qi Tian & Jin-Yi Yu & Hyacinth C. Nnamchi & Tim Li & Jianping Li & Xichen Li & Ruiqiang Ding, 2025. "Unraveling the mystery of recent shortened response time of ENSO to Atlantic forcing," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 16(1), pages 1-9, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:16:y:2025:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-025-61130-4
    DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-61130-4
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Xichen Li & David M. Holland & Edwin P. Gerber & Changhyun Yoo, 2014. "Impacts of the north and tropical Atlantic Ocean on the Antarctic Peninsula and sea ice," Nature, Nature, vol. 505(7484), pages 538-542, January.
    2. Xichen Li & Shang-Ping Xie & Sarah T. Gille & Changhyun Yoo, 2016. "Atlantic-induced pan-tropical climate change over the past three decades," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 6(3), pages 275-279, March.
    3. Wenjun Zhang & Feng Jiang & Malte F. Stuecker & Fei-Fei Jin & Axel Timmermann, 2021. "Spurious North Tropical Atlantic precursors to El Niño," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 12(1), pages 1-8, December.
    4. Lei Wang & Jin-Yi Yu & Houk Paek, 2017. "Enhanced biennial variability in the Pacific due to Atlantic capacitor effect," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 8(1), pages 1-7, April.
    5. Ruiqiang Ding & Hyacinth C. Nnamchi & Jin-Yi Yu & Tim Li & Cheng Sun & Jianping Li & Yu‐Heng Tseng & Xichen Li & Fei Xie & Juan Feng & Kai Ji & Xumin Li, 2023. "North Atlantic oscillation controls multidecadal changes in the North Tropical Atlantic−Pacific connection," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-10, December.
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