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Observation of Genuine High-dimensional Multi-partite Non-locality in Entangled Photon States

Author

Listed:
  • Xiao-Min Hu

    (University of Science and Technology of China
    University of Science and Technology of China
    University of Science and Technology of China)

  • Cen-Xiao Huang

    (University of Science and Technology of China
    University of Science and Technology of China
    University of Science and Technology of China)

  • Nicola d’Alessandro

    (Lund University)

  • Gabriele Cobucci

    (Lund University)

  • Chao Zhang

    (University of Science and Technology of China
    University of Science and Technology of China)

  • Yu Guo

    (University of Science and Technology of China
    University of Science and Technology of China
    University of Science and Technology of China)

  • Yun-Feng Huang

    (University of Science and Technology of China
    University of Science and Technology of China
    University of Science and Technology of China)

  • Chuan-Feng Li

    (University of Science and Technology of China
    University of Science and Technology of China
    University of Science and Technology of China)

  • Guang-Can Guo

    (University of Science and Technology of China
    University of Science and Technology of China
    University of Science and Technology of China)

  • Xiaoqin Gao

    (Nanjing University
    Nanjing University)

  • Marcus Huber

    (Technische Universität Wien
    Austrian Academy of Sciences)

  • Armin Tavakoli

    (Lund University)

  • Bi-Heng Liu

    (University of Science and Technology of China
    University of Science and Technology of China
    University of Science and Technology of China)

Abstract

Quantum information science has leaped forward with the exploration of high-dimensional quantum systems, offering greater potential than traditional qubits in quantum communication and quantum computing. To advance the field of high-dimensional quantum technology, a significant effort is underway to progressively enhance the entanglement dimension between two particles. An alternative effective strategy involves not only increasing the dimensionality but also expanding the number of particles that are entangled. We present an experimental study demonstrating multi-partite quantum non-locality beyond qubit constraints, thus moving into the realm of strongly entangled high-dimensional multi-particle quantum systems. In the experiment, quantum states were encoded in the path degree of freedom (DoF) and controlled via polarization, enabling efficient operations in a two-dimensional plane to prepare three- and four-particle Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states in three-level systems. Our experimental results reveal ways in which high-dimensional systems can surpass qubits in terms of violating local-hidden-variable theories. Our realization of multiple complex and high-quality entanglement technologies is an important primary step for more complex quantum computing and communication protocols.

Suggested Citation

  • Xiao-Min Hu & Cen-Xiao Huang & Nicola d’Alessandro & Gabriele Cobucci & Chao Zhang & Yu Guo & Yun-Feng Huang & Chuan-Feng Li & Guang-Can Guo & Xiaoqin Gao & Marcus Huber & Armin Tavakoli & Bi-Heng Liu, 2025. "Observation of Genuine High-dimensional Multi-partite Non-locality in Entangled Photon States," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 16(1), pages 1-7, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:16:y:2025:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-025-59717-y
    DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-59717-y
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Robert Fickler & Radek Lapkiewicz & Marcus Huber & Martin P.J. Lavery & Miles J. Padgett & Anton Zeilinger, 2014. "Interface between path and orbital angular momentum entanglement for high-dimensional photonic quantum information," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 5(1), pages 1-6, December.
    2. A. Fedorov & L. Steffen & M. Baur & M. P. da Silva & A. Wallraff, 2012. "Implementation of a Toffoli gate with superconducting circuits," Nature, Nature, vol. 481(7380), pages 170-172, January.
    3. Yang Liu & Qi Zhao & Ming-Han Li & Jian-Yu Guan & Yanbao Zhang & Bing Bai & Weijun Zhang & Wen-Zhao Liu & Cheng Wu & Xiao Yuan & Hao Li & W. J. Munro & Zhen Wang & Lixing You & Jun Zhang & Xiongfeng M, 2018. "Device-independent quantum random-number generation," Nature, Nature, vol. 562(7728), pages 548-551, October.
    4. Sirui Cao & Bujiao Wu & Fusheng Chen & Ming Gong & Yulin Wu & Yangsen Ye & Chen Zha & Haoran Qian & Chong Ying & Shaojun Guo & Qingling Zhu & He-Liang Huang & Youwei Zhao & Shaowei Li & Shiyu Wang & J, 2023. "Generation of genuine entanglement up to 51 superconducting qubits," Nature, Nature, vol. 619(7971), pages 738-742, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

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