Assessing the Dual Impact of Construction Waste on Project Inefficiencies and Environmental Sustainability in Iraq

The construction sector in Iraq has escalating problems due to excessive waste production, which not only intensifies project inefficiencies but also presents considerable environmental issues. This research examines the dual effects of construction and demolition (C&D) waste on project performance, particularly on time delays and cost overruns, as well as environmental sustainability. A mixed-methods approach was used to gather data via structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with 15 industry experts, including project managers, site engineers, and contractors. A thorough study was performed using the Relative Importance Index (RII) and component categorization to rank and categorize 40 essential waste-related aspects during various phases of construction. The findings indicate that the primary factors contributing to construction waste are frequent design changes, inadequate material storage and handling, and inefficient on-site waste management techniques. These inefficiencies result in substantial cost increases and timetable delays, while also compromising sustainability objectives. The results highlight the critical need for cohesive waste management strategies and legislative changes that advocate for circular economy concepts, optimize site-level practices, and strengthen stakeholder collaboration. This study offers practical insights and strategic suggestions to enhance waste governance in Iraq's construction industry and facilitate the shift towards more sustainable building practices.