Advanced Characterization of Liposomal Vitamin C: TEM, Cryo-EM, and Caco-2 Bioavailability Studies

A vital nutrient, vitamin C (ascorbic acid) offers numerous physiological advantages, such as immune system support, collagen synthesis and antioxidant protection. However, its bioavailability is limited due to degradation in the gastrointestinal tract and absorption saturation. Liposomal Vitamin C formulations offer a promising approach to overcoming these limitations by encapsulating Vitamin C in lipid-based vesicles, which protect it from oxidative degradation and enhance absorption. In this study, the structural properties of liposomal Vitamin C were assessed using Cryo-Electron Microscopy (Cryo-EM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The liposomes were spherical, uniform, and stable, with a well-defined bilayer structure. The bioavailability of the liposomal formulation was evaluated in vitro using a Caco-2 cell permeability model. The results demonstrated that liposomal vitamin C had a considerably higher percentage permeability and apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) than non-liposomal vitamin C, suggesting improved intestinal barrier absorption. These findings suggest that liposomal encapsulation significantly improves the bioavailability of Vitamin C, making it a more efficient and tolerable option for supplementation. This formulation holds potential for improved therapeutic applications in the prevention and treatment of Vitamin C deficiency and related health conditions.