Dual-Borehole Sc-CO 2 Thermal Shock Fracturing: Thermo-Hydromechanical Coupling Under In Situ Stress Constraints

Supercritical carbon dioxide (Sc-CO 2 ) thermal shock fracturing emerges as an innovative rock fragmentation technology combining environmental sustainability with operational efficiency. This study establishes a thermo-hydro-mechanical coupled model to elucidate how in situ stress magnitude and anisotropy critically govern damage progression and fluid dynamics during Sc-CO 2 thermal shock fracturing. Key novel findings reveal the following: (1) The fracturing mechanism integrates transient hydrodynamic shock with quasi-static pressure loading, generating characteristic bimodal pressure curves where secondary peak amplification specifically indicates inhibited interwell fracture coalescence under anisotropic stress configurations. (2) Fracture paths undergo spatiotemporal reorientation—initial propagation aligns with in situ stress orientation, while subsequent growth follows thermal shock-induced principal stress trajectories. (3) Stress heterogeneity modulates fracture network complexity through confinement effects: elevated normal stresses perpendicular to fracture planes reduce pressure gradients (compared to isotropic conditions) and delay crack initiation, yet sustain higher pressure plateaus by constraining fracture connectivity despite fluid leakage. Numerical simulations systematically demonstrate that stress anisotropy plays a dual role—enhancing peak pressures while limiting fracture network development. This demonstrates the dual roles of the technology in enhancing environmental sustainability through waterless operations and reducing carbon footprint.