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Designing Stable Rock Slopes in Open-Pit Mines: A Case Study of Andesite Mining at Anugerah Berkah Sejahtera

Author

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  • Refky Adi Nata

    (Mining Engineering Department, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
    Mining Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang 25131, Indonesia)

  • Gaofeng Ren

    (Mining Engineering Department, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
    Key Laboratory of Green Utilization of Critical Non-Metallic Mineral Resources, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China)

  • Yongxiang Ge

    (Mining Engineering Department, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
    Key Laboratory of Green Utilization of Critical Non-Metallic Mineral Resources, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China)

  • Congrui Zhang

    (Mining Engineering Department, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
    Key Laboratory of Green Utilization of Critical Non-Metallic Mineral Resources, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China)

  • Luwei Zhang

    (Mining Engineering Department, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China)

  • Pulin Kang

    (Mining Engineering Department, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China)

  • Verra Syahmer

    (Agro Industrial Engineering Department, Politeknik ATI Padang, Padang 25171, Indonesia)

Abstract

Landslide prevention is crucial, particularly for protecting roads and infrastructure in rock landslide-prone areas. This global issue has garnered significant attention from researchers worldwide. This study addresses landslide prevention by modeling the factor of safety (FoS) for slope stability through the Geological Strength Index (GSI), limit equilibrium method (LEM), and finite element method (FEM). A GSI analysis was conducted using RocLab software version 1.0, and slope modeling was performed using RocScience SLIDE version 6.0 and RS2 version 11. The results revealed various cohesion and friction angles across six slopes, with Slope 5 exhibiting the highest FoS values (up to 3.27 with the FEM) and Slope 1 exhibiting the lowest (1.59 with the FEM). All slopes, designed with a uniform geometry, remained stable, exhibiting FoS values greater than 1.1. This study further provides an optimal slope design for the open pit in the andesite mining plan at Anugerah Berkah Sejahtera. These findings highlight the important role of accurate modeling in the assessment of slope stability. With a suggested safe slope height of 10 m and an angle of 80° (FoS = 1.62), slope stability analysis based on the factor of safety (FoS) showed that single slopes made of andesite maintain stability at steep angles. Claystone slopes, however, have a maximum slope height of 30 m at 20° (FoS = 1.27) and 27 m at 50° (FoS = 1.34), requiring more conservative geometries to maintain their stability. For an overall slope that comprises both rock types, a height of 30 m with a slope angle of 60° is recommended (FoS = 1.23) to ensure stability. The critical design condition for a claystone slope occurs at a height of 30 m with a slope angle of 50°, yielding a factor of safety (FoS) of 0.92, which indicates instability (FoS < 1.1). Similarly, a 35 m-high slope with a slope angle of 20° produced an FoS of 1.04, and a 35 m-high slope with a slope angle of 50° produced an FoS of 0.89, further confirming instability. For the overall slope configuration, instability occurs at a height of 30 m with a slope angle of 65° that produces an FoS of 1.09.

Suggested Citation

  • Refky Adi Nata & Gaofeng Ren & Yongxiang Ge & Congrui Zhang & Luwei Zhang & Pulin Kang & Verra Syahmer, 2025. "Designing Stable Rock Slopes in Open-Pit Mines: A Case Study of Andesite Mining at Anugerah Berkah Sejahtera," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(13), pages 1-26, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:17:y:2025:i:13:p:5711-:d:1684095
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Pisanu Chuaiwate & Saravut Jaritngam & Pattamad Panedpojaman & Nirut Konkong, 2022. "Probabilistic Analysis of Slope against Uncertain Soil Parameters," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-14, November.
    2. Patricia Arrogante-Funes & Adrián G. Bruzón & Fátima Arrogante-Funes & Rocío N. Ramos-Bernal & René Vázquez-Jiménez, 2021. "Integration of Vulnerability and Hazard Factors for Landslide Risk Assessment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(22), pages 1-21, November.
    3. Fhatuwani Sengani & François Mulenga, 2020. "Application of Limit Equilibrium Analysis and Numerical Modeling in a Case of Slope Instability," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(21), pages 1-33, October.
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