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Ethanol Content Increase in Gasoline Toward Sustainable Liquid Fuels Worldwide: Impacts on Manufacturing and Supply Chains via Discrete-Event Scenarios

Author

Listed:
  • Mahmoud Ahmednooh

    (Division of Engineering Management and Decision Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 3212, Qatar
    Production Planning and Scheduling, Um Said Refinery, Qatar Energy, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
    Blend-Shops Company, Qatar Science and Technological Park, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 3212, Qatar)

  • Brenno Menezes

    (Blend-Shops Company, Qatar Science and Technological Park, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 3212, Qatar)

Abstract

Biofuels, such as ethanol (CH 3 CH 2 OH), remain significantly underutilized globally despite their potential to mitigate environmental effects associated with fossil fuel combustion. Ethanol (ETH) can seamlessly blend with petroleum-derived gasoline, boosting its octane rating as a virtuous side effect. However, in several countries, octane number (ON) boosters such as methyl-tert-butyl-ether (MTBE) are still blended into the gasoline (also known as gas or petrol) sold in fuel stations, despite this being restricted or banned due to deleterious effects on the environment and health. Additionally, in nations overproducing naphtha from refining petroleum condensates, such as in the Middle East, investments in extra carbon chain rearrangement units can be an outlet to enhance gasoline production, since they produce high-ON streams; however, aromatic concentration becomes a limiting constraint. A discrete-event simulation algorithm combines sixteen main (primary) manufacturing variations into two secondary manufacturing and three supply chain variations, building gasoline yield and property plots over 512 gasoline production scenarios.

Suggested Citation

  • Mahmoud Ahmednooh & Brenno Menezes, 2025. "Ethanol Content Increase in Gasoline Toward Sustainable Liquid Fuels Worldwide: Impacts on Manufacturing and Supply Chains via Discrete-Event Scenarios," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(11), pages 1-37, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:17:y:2025:i:11:p:4884-:d:1664860
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