Incorporating the Results of Geological Disaster Ecological Risk Assessment into Spatial Policies for Ecological Functional Areas: Practice in the Qilian Mountains of China

Geological hazards cause changes in the quality of the ecological environment, affect the function and stability of ecosystems, and negatively impact the maintenance and restoration of ecological functions in ecological functional areas (EFAs). This study integrates machine learning, geographic information technology, and multivariate statistical analysis modeling to develop a technical framework for quantitative analysis of ecological risk assessment (ERA) based on the causal logic between geological hazards and ecosystems. The results of the geological disaster ERA are mapped to EFAs, effectively identifying and quantifying the risk characteristics of different EFAs. The results show that: (1) The hazard–vulnerability–exposure ERA framework effectively identifies the distribution characteristics of high ecological risk around the Qilian Mountains, with high risk in the east and low risk in the west. (2) In high ecological risk areas, high hazard–high vulnerability–low exposure is the main combination pattern, accounting for 83.3%. (3) Overall, hazard and vulnerability have a greater impact on geological disaster ecological risk than exposure, with path coefficients of 0.802 (significant at p = 0.01 level) and 0.438 (significant at p = 0.05 level), respectively, in SEM. The random forest model (R 2 = 0.748) shows that social factors such as human density and road density contribute significantly more to extreme high risk than other factors, with a contribution rate of up to 44%. (4) Thirty-five ecological functional units were systematically grouped into four clusters and used to formulate a “layered” spatial policy for EFAs. The results of the research are expected to provide support for maximizing the policy impact of EFAs and formulating management decisions that serve ecological protection.